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11 results for “Giraffa camelopardalis”
Figure 8 in The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) cervical vertebral column: a heuristic example in understanding evolutionary processes?
Figure 8. These graphs compare the measured individual cervical vertebrae lengths of fossil Giraffids (Table 4), compared with extant giraffes and the 'other ungulate' group used in this study. The measurement of total vertebral column lengths (TVLs) for the fossil giraffids were generated from the regressions derived for extant giraffes or 'other ungulates', whereas the lengths of the individual cervical vertebrae were taken from the literature (see Table 4). Note that the specimens for Giraffa sp., Samotherium, and Paleotragus germaini appear to scale in a manner similar to extant giraffes, whereas those of Paleotragus primaevus, Climacoceras, and Canthumeryx appear to fall within the range of ungulates that do not demonstrate cervical elongation.
Figure 6 in The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) cervical vertebral column: a heuristic example in understanding evolutionary processes?
Figure 6. Graphs of total vertebral column length plotted against the body lengths of C2–C7 vertebrae of all of the extant specimens studied. Other ungulates represent all species studied except the giraffe, camel, and llama. Note that for all specimens of the giraffe the vertebral lengths are longer than one would predict on the basis of a generalized ungulate regression, and scale more steeply than the ungulates. The dotted line on the ungulate plot is an extension of the ungulate regression that allows us to establish a comparison with the camel.
Figure 9 in The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) cervical vertebral column: a heuristic example in understanding evolutionary processes?
Figure 9. These graphs compare the measured individual cervical vertebrae lengths of fossil Giraffids (Table 4) with extant giraffes and the 'other ungulate' group used in this study. The measurement of normalized vertebral column lengths for the fossil giraffids were generated from the regressions derived for extant giraffes or 'other ungulates', whereas the lengths of the individual cervical vertebrae were taken from the literature (see Table 4). Note that the specimens for Giraffa sp., Samotherium, and Paleotragus germaini appear to scale in a manner similar to extant giraffes, whereas those of Paleotragus primaevus, Climacoceras, and Canthumeryx appear to fall within the range of ungulates that do not demonstrate cervical elongation.
Figure 5 in The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) cervical vertebral column: a heuristic example in understanding evolutionary processes?
Figure 5. Graph of total cervical vertebral length (TCL) vs. individual vertebral length of all the extant specimens studied. Note the way in which the giraffe cervical vertebrae scale in accordance with those seen in the other extant ungulates studied, with the only exception being the youngest giraffe (which was excluded from the regression analysis, but was placed on the graph for comparison).
Figure 2 in The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) cervical vertebral column: a heuristic example in understanding evolutionary processes?
Figure 2. Photographs of the lateral aspect of non-articulated giraffe vertebrae C6, C7, T1, and T2, demonstrating the osteological differences between cervical and thoracic vertebrae. Note the size of the transverse foramen in C7, the lack of a transverse foramina in T1 and T2, and the longer spinous process of T1 compared with C6 and C7.
Figure 4 in The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) cervical vertebral column: a heuristic example in understanding evolutionary processes?
Figure 4. Upper panel: the percentage contribution of the remaining vertebral regions to the vertebral column length minus that of the cervical of giraffes aged from calf to adult (ages are estimates). Lower panel: the percentage contributions of the remaining vertebral regions to the vertebral column length minus that of the cervical of the extant ungulates studied, in comparison with the adult giraffes. The percentage occupied by the various spinal regions in the giraffe falls into the same ranges observed in other ungulates when the cervical vertebrae are not included. Key: l, lumbar; s, sacral; t, thoracic.
Figure 3 in The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) cervical vertebral column: a heuristic example in understanding evolutionary processes?
Figure 3. Upper panel: the percentage contribution of the vertebral regions to the entire length of the vertebral column of giraffes aged from calf to adult (ages are estimates). In the calf, the cervical vertebrae occupy approximately 45% of the total vertebral length. As the animal matures, this increases to between 52 and 54%. Lower panel: the percentage contribution of the vertebral regions to the entire length of the vertebral column of the extant ungulates studied, compared with the adult giraffe. Note that only in the giraffes do the cervical vertebrae occupy more than half of the entire vertebral column. Key: c, cervical; l, lumbar; s, sacral; t, thoracic.
Figure 1 in The giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) cervical vertebral column: a heuristic example in understanding evolutionary processes?
Figure 1. Photograph of the left aspect of giraffe vertebrae C6–T2, demonstrating how they are articulated in a living individual, and the differences between cervical and thoracic vertebrae. Note the size of the transverse foramen in C7 and the longer spinous process of T1 compared with C6 and C7.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan of the Brain of a Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)
<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan of the Brain of a Giraffe (<i>Giraffa camelopardalis</i>) from http://braincatalogue.org/Giraffe</p>
Data from: Seeing spots: quantifying mother-offspring similarity and assessing fitness consequences of coat pattern traits in a wild population of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)
Polymorphic phenotypes of mammalian coat coloration have been important to the study of genetics and evolution, but less is known about the inheritance and fitness consequences of individual variation in complex coat pattern traits such as spots and stripes. Giraffe coat markings are highly complex and variable and it has been hypothesized that variation in coat patterns most likely affects fitness by camouflaging neonates against visually hunting predators. We quantified complex coat pattern traits of wild Masai giraffes using image analysis software, determined the similarity of spot pattern traits between mother and offspring, and assessed whether variation in spot pattern traits was related to fitness as measured by juvenile survival. The methods we described could comprise a framework for objective quantification of complex mammal coat pattern traits based on photographic coat pattern data. We demonstrated that some characteristics of giraffe coat spot shape were likely to be heritable, as measured by mother-offspring regression. We found significant variation in juvenile survival among phenotypic groups of neonates defined by multivariate clustering based on spot trait measurement variables. We also found significant variation in neonatal survival associated with spot size and shape covariates. Larger spots (smaller number of spots) and irregularly shaped spots (smaller aspect ratio) were correlated with increased survival. These findings will inform investigations into developmental and genetic architecture of complex mammal coat patterns and their adaptive value.
Data from: Seeing spots: quantifying mother-offspring similarity and assessing fitness consequences of coat pattern traits in a wild population of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)
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