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Figure 4 in Plant age, crop stage and surrounding habitats: their impact on sucking pests and predators complex in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) field plots in arid climate at district Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan

Figure 4. Means (±SE) number of sucking insect pests (jassid, thrips, whitefly) and predators (green lacewing, spider) in cotton field plots at three locations (five replications) with different surrounding habitats (sugarcane + sesame, monoculture, sesame) during cropping season of cotton from June 20 to September 18, 2018 at Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan.

Figure 3 in Plant age, crop stage and surrounding habitats: their impact on sucking pests and predators complex in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) field plots in arid climate at district Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan

Figure 3. Means (±SE) number of sucking insect pests (jassid, thrips, whitefly) and predators (green lacewing, spider) in cotton field plots at three locations (five replications) at different crop developmental stages (crop phenology) of cotton from June 20 to September 18, 2018 at Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan.

Figure 2 in Plant age, crop stage and surrounding habitats: their impact on sucking pests and predators complex in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) field plots in arid climate at district Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan

Figure 2. Means (±SE) number of sucking insect pests (jassid, thrips, whitefly) and predators (green lacewing, spider) in cotton field plots at three locations (five replications) during cropping season of cotton from June 20 to September 18, 2018 at Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan.

Figure 1 in Plant age, crop stage and surrounding habitats: their impact on sucking pests and predators complex in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) field plots in arid climate at district Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan

Figure 1. Percent numbers of sucking insect pests (jassid, thrips, whitefly) and predators (green lacewing, spider) in cotton field plots at three locations (five replications) during 2018 at Layyah, Punjab, Pakistan.

Figure 4 in Temporal variation and spatial distribution of the pest insect Edessa meditabunda in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) as an alternative host plant

Figure 4. Surface maps constructed based on Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) interpolation showing spatial distribution of nymphs + adults in cotton between 55 (A) 70 (B), 77 (C), 84 (D), 91 (E) days after emergence (DAE) and Sum of all Evaluations (F). Low density is represented in green while red indicates high density of E. meditabunda.

Figure 3 in Temporal variation and spatial distribution of the pest insect Edessa meditabunda in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) as an alternative host plant

Figure 3. Surface maps constructed based on Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) interpolation showing spatial distribution of adults in cotton between 55 (A) 70 (B), 77 (C), 84 (D), 91 (E) days after emergence (DAE) and Sum of all Evaluations (F). Low density is represented in green while red indicates high density of E. meditabunda.

Figure 1 in Temporal variation and spatial distribution of the pest insect Edessa meditabunda in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) as an alternative host plant

Figure 1 Temporal variation of Edessa meditabunda population in the alternative host plant Gossypium hirsutum (cotton) in experimental Field of Dourados, Brazil.

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

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Effects of soil salinity on the expression of direct and indirect defences in wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

Previous studies have reported effects of abiotic factors on herbivore-induced plant defences based on effects on single plant traits. However, plants commonly express multiple defences simultaneously and these traits are often correlated. Thus, a fuller understanding of abiotic-context dependency in plant defence requires measuring multiple traits and addressing their patterns of correlated expression. We evaluated the effects of soil salinity on the induction of direct (phenolic compounds, gossypol gland density) and indirect (volatile organic compounds, extrafloral nectar) defensive traits in wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). We asked whether soil salinity affects the induction of these traits, and whether it shapes trait correlations potentially underlying salinity effects on trait induction. We conducted a factorial experiment with 16 cotton genotypes where we manipulated soil salinity and defence induction by applying artificial leaf damage (25% mechanical damage and caterpillar oral secretions) and measured defence levels at different time points post-damage. Leaf damage induced most traits except gossypol gland density, whereas salinity did not have a mean effect (across constitutive and induced levels) on any of the measured traits. Nonetheless, salinity prevented the induction of phenolic compounds (condensed and hydrolysable tannins), and also affected trait correlations. Specifically, phenolic compounds were negatively associated with nectar production only under salinized conditions, an apparent trade-off that presumably affects the induced levels of phenolic compounds. In addition, positive correlations between phenolic compounds and gland density and root biomass observed under control conditions were lost under salinized conditions. By investigating the effects of soil salinity on the expression of multiple direct and indirect defensive traits and their underlying correlations, these findings build toward a better understanding of how abiotic context-dependency shapes plant allocation to and expression of multiple defensive traits.

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Effects of soil salinity on the expression of direct and indirect defences in wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

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publicAug 2020View details →

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Networks of physiological adjustments and defenses, and their synergy with sodium (Na+) homeostasis explain the hidden variation for salinity tolerance across the cultivated Gossypium hirsutum germplasm

The abilities to mobilize and/or sequester excess ions within and outside the plant cell are important components of salt-tolerance mechanisms. Mobilization and sequestration of Na+ involves three transport systems facilitated by the plasma membrane H+/Na+ antiporter (SOS1), vacuolar H+/Na+ antiporter (NHX1), and Na+/K+ transporter in vascular tissues (HKT1). Many of these mechanisms are conserved across the plant kingdom. While Gossypium hirsutum (upland cotton) is significantly more salt-tolerant relative to other crops, the critical factors contributing to the phenotypic variation hidden across the germplasm have not been fully unraveled. In this study, the spatio-temporal patterns of Na+ accumulation along with other physiological and biochemical interactions were investigated at different severities of salinity across a meaningful genetic diversity panel across cultivated upland Gossypium. The aim was to define the importance of holistic or integrated effects relative to the direct effects of Na+ homeostasis mechanisms mediated by GhHKT1, GhSOS1, and GhNHX1. Multi-dimensional physio-morphometric attributes were investigated in a systems-level context using univariate and multivariate statistics, randomForest, and path analysis. Results showed that mobilized or sequestered Na+ contributes significantly to the baseline tolerance mechanisms. However, the observed variance in overall tolerance potential across a meaningful diversity panel were more significantly attributed to antioxidant capacity, maintenance of stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, and divalent cation (Mg2+) contents other than Ca2+ through a complex interaction with Na+ homeostasis. The multi-tier macro-physiological, biochemical and molecular data generated in this study, and the networks of interactions uncovered strongly suggest that a complex physiological and biochemical synergy beyond the first-line-of defense (Na+ sequestration and mobilization) accounts for the total phenotypic variance across the primary germplasm of Gossypium hirsutum. These findings are consistent with the recently proposed Omnigenic Theory for quantitative traits and should contribute to a modern look at phenotypic selection for salt tolerance in cotton breeding.

opencc-zeroOct 2020View details →

Fig. 4 in Terpene chemotypes in Gossypium hirsutum (wild cotton) from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

Fig. 4. Monoterpene composition of the two proposed cotton chemotypes. (a) Scatterplot of the relative abundance of the pinene group (α-Pinene + β-Pinene) against the relative abundance of the summed values of the γ-Terpinene group. (b) Representative chromatograms of plants belonging to chemotype classes A (upper panel) and B (lower panel). 1: (E)-2-Hexenal; 2: 2,4-Hexadienal (E,E); 3: α-Thujene; 4: α-Pinene; 5: Camphene; 6: Sabinene; 7: β-Pinene; 8: β-Myrcene; 9: α-Phellandrene; 10: α-Terpinene; 11: p-Cymene; 12: Limonene; 13: β-Phellandrene; 14: β-Ocimene; 15: γ-Terpinene; 16: Terpinolene; 17: Bornyl acetate; 18: γ-Elemene; 19: β-Caryophyllene; 20: α-Humulene; 21: Bicyclogermacrene. (c) visualisation of proportion of monoterpene compounds from panel (b), for each chemotype class.

Fig. 1 in Terpene chemotypes in Gossypium hirsutum (wild cotton) from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

Fig. 1. Map showing locations of the wild Gossypium hirsutum populations from which seeds were collected along the Yucatan Peninsula.

Fig. 3 in Terpene chemotypes in Gossypium hirsutum (wild cotton) from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

Fig. 3. Theorised monoterpenoid biosynthesis pathway. Compounds highlighted in blue comprise the γ-terpinene compound group, those highlighted in grey comprise the α-pinene compound group. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 5 in Terpene chemotypes in Gossypium hirsutum (wild cotton) from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

Fig. 5. Principal coordinate analysis on relative abundance of monoterpenes in plants grown from seed, showing samples separated based on their compositional similarity.

Fig. 6 in Terpene chemotypes in Gossypium hirsutum (wild cotton) from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

Fig. 6. Ridgeline plot showing the distribution of the summed values of the γ-terpinene compound group (γ-terpinene, limonene, α-thujene, α-terpinene, terpinolene, and p-cymene; as % relative to total monoterpenes in each plant). In order from top to bottom: the plots coloured red (Celestún) and orange (Sisal) are located at the west of the peninsula. The plot coloured yellow (Chicxulub) is in the centre, and the cream coloured plot (Coloradas) is located at the east of the peninsula. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Terpene chemotypes in Gossypium hirsutum (wild cotton) from the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

Fig. 2. Correlation analysis of all mono- and sesquiterpenes analysed in the wild Gossypium hirsutum plants. Red rectangles indicate highly supported groups of monoterpenes (approximately unbiased (AU) p <0.05). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

publicNov 2020View details →

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Networks of physiological adjustments and defenses, and their synergy with sodium (Na+) homeostasis explain the hidden variation for salinity tolerance across the cultivated Gossypium hirsutum germplasm

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Data from: Recent long-distance transgene flow conforms to historical patterns of gene flow in wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) at its center of origin

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publicJul 2011View details →

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Data from: Effects of early-season insect herbivory on subsequent pathogen infection and ant abundance on wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)

1. Plant induced defences play an important role in mediating interactions between insects and pathogens. Yet, the plant traits underlying these effects, the extended consequences for higher trophic levels (i.e. predators), and the implications for plant growth and reproduction have received little attention. 2. Here we asked whether simulated early insect leaf damage on wild cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) affected subsequent damage by insect leaf chewers and pathogenic fungi, as well as ant abundance. To address the mechanisms behind such effects, we measured plant defensive traits induced by early leaf damage to determine which inducible traits might determine the effects on plant-associates. We also evaluated whether early damage influenced plant growth and flower production, and if such effects were mediated by subsequent insect herbivory or pathogen infection. 3. We show that simulated early leaf damage reduced damage by subsequent leaf-chewing insects, increased plant fungal infections, but did not affect ant abundance. Leaf defensive traits (lignins and pubescence) were significantly induced by early damage and were negatively associated with insect herbivory and infection severity, but did not account for the effects of early leaf damage on either of these subsequent attackers. In addition, ant abundance was not associated with (or accounted for) subsequent herbivory or infection, suggesting they did not confer plant protection. Finally, early leaf damage negatively affected plant growth and flower production and analyses suggested that the effect on the latter was, at least partly, mediated by increased fungal infections. 4. Synthesis: Overall, these findings show that early herbivory determines the outcome of cotton interactions with subsequent attackers, and such effects have an impact on plant growth and flower output.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

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Figure 2 in Temporal variation and spatial distribution of the pest insect Edessa meditabunda in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) as an alternative host plant

Figure 2. Surface maps constructed based on Inverse Distance Weight (IDW) interpolation showing spatial distribution of nymphs in cotton between 70 (A), 77 (B), 84 (C), 91 (D) days after emergence (DAE) and Sum of all Evaluations (E). Low density is represented in green while red indicates high density of E. meditabunda.