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158 results for “Group Size”
Data from: Group size and dispersal ploys: An analysis of commuting behaviour of the pond bat (Myotis dasycneme)
<p>This study aimed to provide a description on how Pond bats (<em>Myotis dasycneme</em>) disperse, how to recognize a commuting route, and details about the effort needed to make a complete survey of one commuting route. The study area covered the provinces of Zuid-Holland, Overijssel, Friesland, Noord-Holland, and Utrecht. During 6 years of study between 2002 and 2009, researchers and bat volunteers studied pond bats along several waterways (all waterways wider than 10 m) between known roosts and their hunting areas. All the observations were made between April and September, starting 20 min before sunset. During the entire observation effort, the time (in hours and minutes) and direction of each bat was recorded. The time that each bat passed the observation location was later transformed to minutes after sunset. The number of animals on commuting route was related to the number of animals present in their respective roost.</p> <p> </p> <p>Data are organized in 3 files: <strong>commuting data 10 minutes.csv</strong>, <strong>commuting data.csv</strong> and <strong>observations waddinxveen.csv</strong>. The variables in these data files are explained here:</p> <p>Date: the observation date</p> <p>Location description: description of the location</p> <p>X Y: The coordinates of the location in RD. The RD (Rijks-Driehoek) system is the coordinate system used by the Dutch geographical service.</p> <p>Long Lat: The coordinates of the location in longitude and latitude.</p> <p>Distance over water: commuting distance over water. For each route, the distance (d) over water between roost and observation location was measured from a topographical map and expressed in kilometres.</p> <p>Moon cover: the amount of moon cover, expressed in percentages.</p> <p>Roost location: the assumed location of the roost of the bats passing on their commuting route</p> <p>Max N of bats in roost: the max number of bats observed emerging from a roost.</p> <p>Sum N of bats over 10-minute interval: the sum of all the observed bats passing in one direction within a 10-minute interval</p> <p>Time after sunset in 10 min: the begin time of each interval, measured in minutes after sunset</p> <p>Peak time after sunset: the time of the observed peak in numbers of bats, in minutes after sunset.</p> <p>Area: the municipality near the observation location.</p> <p>Total N of pond bats on route: the total number of pond bats observed on route, in the given observation time. Including foraging and returning bats.</p> <p>Total N of commuting pond bats: the total number of bats observed commuting (excluding all other behaviours).</p> <p>Time of first bat minutes after sunset: the time of the first bat, measured in minutes after sunset.</p> <p>Duration of commuting: the time in hours between the first and the last bat observed commuting.</p> <p>Observation time: the total duration (in minutes) of the observation period.</p> <p>Moon phases: a 1–3 scale, where c1 is the new moon, c2 is the first quarter, c3 half moon, c4 is the last quarter and c5 is the full moon.</p> <p>Cloud cover: estimation of the cover, using the following three categories: c1-0%–25% cover (clear night sky or some isolated clouds), c2-25%–75% cover (several scattered clouds but not covering more than 75% of the night sky), and c3- 75%–100% cover (scattered clouds covering more than 75% of the night sky to a completely overcast night sky</p> <p>Observation type: observation of either emerging bats from a roost (roost) or bats observed on commuting route (commuting).</p> <p> </p> <p>In addition, we also provide 2 pdf’s containing the observation protocols (in Dutch) for counting emerging bats (<strong>Handleiding tellen van een groep meervleermuizen.pdf</strong>) and bats along a commuting route (<strong>Handleiding vliegroute telling.pdf</strong>). The protocols are intended for professionals and citizen scientists.</p>
Group size effects and critical mass in public goods games
<pre>This dataset accompanies the paper "Group size effects and critical mass in public goods games", https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-41988-3 It records participant decisions in a set of binary one-shot Public Goods Games with curvilinear payoff function (see details in the paper). The explanation of the data fields is present also in the metadata of the file: # Cooperation: 0=defection, 1=cooperation, 99=the participant did not make the decision # Group: interacting group size (N) # Treatment: Critical Mass Nc # dropout: 1=the participant did not make the decision, 0=the participant made the decision # incompleted: 1=participant did not make all the decisions of the experiment; 0=participant did made all the decisions of the experiment # female: 1=female, 0=male </pre> <p> </p>
Causal evidence for social group sizes from Wikipedia editing data
<p>Human communities have self-organizing properties in which specific Dunbar Numbers may be invoked to explain group attachments. By analyzing Wikipedia editing histories across a wide range of subject pages, we show that there is an emergent coherence in the size of transient groups formed to edit the content of subject texts, with two peaks averaging at around $N=8$ for the size corresponding to maximal contention, and at around $N=4$ as a regular team. These values are consistent with the observed sizes of conversational groups, as well as the hierarchical structuring of Dunbar graphs. We use the Promise Theory model of bipartite trust to derive a scaling law that fits the data and may apply to all group size distributions, when based on attraction to a seeded group process. In addition to providing further evidence that even spontaneous communities of strangers are self-organizing, the results have important implications for the governance of the Wikipedia commons and for the security of all online social platforms and associations.</p>
Data for: Competition, prey, and mortalities influence gray wolf group size
<p>Data and R code for "Competition, prey, and mortalities influence gray wolf group size" by Sells et al. (2022, Journal of Wildlife Management). The datasets can be used with the included R code to re-create analyses and figures from Sells et al. (2022). The metadata file describes each column in the datasets.</p>
Global contemporary effective population sizes across taxonomic groups
<p>Effective population size (<em>N<sub>e</sub></em>) is a particularly useful metric for conservation as it affects genetic drift, inbreeding and adaptive potential within populations. Current guidelines recommend a minimum <em>N<sub>e</sub> </em>of 50 and 500 to avoid short-term inbreeding and to preserve long-term adaptive potential, respectively. However, the extent to which wild populations reach these thresholds globally has not been investigated, nor has the relationship between <em>N<sub>e</sub></em><sub> </sub>and human activities. Through a quantitative review, we generated a dataset with 4610 georeferenced <em>N<sub>e</sub></em> estimates from 3829 unique populations, extracted from 723 articles. These data show that certain taxonomic groups are less likely to meet 50/500 thresholds and are disproportionately impacted by human activities; plant, mammal, and amphibian populations had a <54% probability of reaching = 50 and a <9% probability of reaching = 500. Populations listed as being of conservation concern according to the IUCN Red List had a smaller median than unlisted populations, and this was consistent across all taxonomic groups. was reduced in areas with a greater Global Human Footprint, especially for amphibians, birds, and mammals, however relationships varied between taxa. We also highlight several considerations for future works, including the role that gene flow and subpopulation structure plays in the estimation of in wild populations, and the need for finer-scale taxonomic analyses. Our findings provide guidance for more specific thresholds based on <em>N<sub>e</sub></em> and help prioritize assessment of populations from taxa most at risk of failing to meet conservation thresholds.</p>
Рис. 3. ЧисΛо яиц в цистах Heterodera glycines разных размерных групп в 2018 и 2019 гг. Fig. 3. Number of eggs in cysts of Heterodera glycines of different size groups in 2018 and 2019 in Reproductive potential of Soybean Cyst Nematode Heterodera glycines - quarantine pest of soybean - in Primorsky Region conditions
Рис. 3. ЧисΛо яиц в цистах Heterodera glycines разных размерных групп в 2018 и 2019 гг. Fig. 3. Number of eggs in cysts of Heterodera glycines of different size groups in 2018 and 2019
Figure 4. a in Feeding ecology of vimba (Vimba vimba L., 1758) in terms of size groups and seasons in Lake Sapanca, northwestern Anatolia
Figure 4. a) MDS based on a similarity matrix constructed on the average food consumption of V. vimba of juvenile and adult, and b) cluster analysis.
FIGURE 1 in Body size responses to land use in stream fish: the importance of different metrics and functional groups
FIGURE 1 | Description of the four body size metrics used to investigate body size patterns in overall stream fish communities and in distinct functional groups. A. Skewness describes the tendency of value distribution being biased towards the right (negative-skewed) or left (positive-skewed). B. Kurtosis describes if the distribution of values is more flatted (platykurtic) or biased towards the center (narrow). Mean values can be the same for distinct kurtosis. Coefficient of variation (CV) describes the variation in values standardized to the mean.
FIGURE 3 in Body size responses to land use in stream fish: the importance of different metrics and functional groups
FIGURE 3 | Clusters of fish species based on ecomorphological and trophic traits, resulting in 11 functional groups (FG). Full species names by FG are available in S2.
FIGURE 2 in Body size responses to land use in stream fish: the importance of different metrics and functional groups
FIGURE 2 | Location of the 40 stream sites where fish communities were sampled in South Brazilian grassland biome (Pampa).
Concatenated matrix from: Pristimantis trachyblepharis species group, a clade of miniaturized frogs: description of four new species and insights into the evolution of body size within the genus
<p>Matrix in nexus format that include sequences of <em>RAG1 </em>(1 - 600 bp), <em>16S</em> (601 - 1912 bp), and <em>12S</em> (1913 - 2819 bp) genes for 347 specimens belonging to the genus Pristimantis, in addition to several specimens of neotropical frog genera as outgroups.</p>
Photographs of live individuals from: Pristimantis trachyblepharis species group, a clade of miniaturized frogs: description of four new species and insights into the evolution of body size within the genus
<p>Photographs in jpg format of live individuals examined for morphological comparisons and descriptions. </p> <ul> <li><em>P. albujai</em> (photographs of 28 specimens).</li> <li><em>P. aquilonaris</em> (photographs of 12 specimens).</li> <li><em>P. nanus</em> sp. nov. (photographs of 7 specimens).</li> <li><em>P. pramukae </em>sp. nov. (photographs of 36 specimens).</li> <li><em>P. trachyblepharis</em> (photographs of 26 specimens).</li> <li><em>P. ujucami</em> sp. nov. (photographs of 27 specimens).</li> <li><em>P. ventristellatus</em> sp. nov. (photographs of 26 specimens).</li> </ul> <p>Available photographs of several Unconfirmed Candidate Species (UCS) are also provided.</p>
Text-fig. 2. First upper molar variation in Progonomys husssaini from three localities in the upper part of the Nagri Formation, Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. The 12 molars are oriented with buccal side upward, each at the same 1 mm scale, making size variation apparent. a) YGSP 33187 from locality Y 450; b) 34556, c) 54131, d) 54143, e) 54151, f) 54152, all from Y 311; g) 33937, h) 33947, i) 33957, j) 33959, k) 33963, l) 33976 all from Y 259. Figures a, c, e, f, h, k are all right M1; the others are left M1. in Early Late Miocene Murine Rodents From The Upper Part Of The Nagri Formation, Siwalik Group, Pakistan, With A New Fossil Calibration Point For The Tribe Apodemurini (Apodemus/Tokudaia)
Text-fig. 2. First upper molar variation in Progonomys husssaini from three localities in the upper part of the Nagri Formation, Potwar Plateau, Pakistan. The 12 molars are oriented with buccal side upward, each at the same 1 mm scale, making size variation apparent. a) YGSP 33187 from locality Y 450; b) 34556, c) 54131, d) 54143, e) 54151, f) 54152, all from Y 311; g) 33937, h) 33947, i) 33957, j) 33959, k) 33963, l) 33976 all from Y 259. Figures a, c, e, f, h, k are all right M1; the others are left M1.
Fig. 1 in Diel variation in the ascent of fishes up an experimental fish ladder at Itaipu Reservoir: fish size, reproductive stage and taxonomic group influences
Fig. 1. The experimental fish ladder located at Itaipu Dam. Sampling stations are indicated in the figure (A = box A; B = box B).
Fig. 4 in Diel variation in the ascent of fishes up an experimental fish ladder at Itaipu Reservoir: fish size, reproductive stage and taxonomic group influences
Fig. 4. Diel variation in the abundance of Characiformes and Siluriformes sampled at box A (10 m height; closed circles) and B (27 m height; open circles) in the ladder.
Fig. 3 in Diel variation in the ascent of fishes up an experimental fish ladder at Itaipu Reservoir: fish size, reproductive stage and taxonomic group influences
Fig. 3. Diel variation in the number of individuals of the five main species, sampled at two different points in the ladder (Box A and B). Reproductive stages: non-reproductive adults (nrd), mature (rd), and immature (imt). Species: (a) Prochilodus lineatus; (b) Pimelodus maculatus; (c) Leporinus obtusidens; (d) Schizodon borellii; (e) Leporinus friderici.
Fig. 2 in Diel variation in the ascent of fishes up an experimental fish ladder at Itaipu Reservoir: fish size, reproductive stage and taxonomic group influences
Fig. 2. Variation in mean standard length of the most abundant species recorded in the fish ladder (box A = 10 m; box B = 27 m).
Using unoccupied aerial vehicles to estimate availability and group size error for aerial surveys of coastal dolphins
<p><span>Aerial surveys are frequently used to estimate the abundance of marine mammals, but their accuracy is dependent upon obtaining a measure of the availability of animals for visual detection. Existing methods for characterizing availability have limitations and do not necessarily reflect true availability. Here, we present a method of using small, vessel‐launched, multi‐rotor Unoccupied Aerial Vehicles (UAVs or drones) to collect video of dolphins to characterize availability and investigate errors surrounding group size estimates. We collected over 20 h of aerial video of dive‐surfacing behaviour across 32 encounters with the Australian humpback dolphin </span><em><span>Sousa sahulensis</span></em><span> off north‐western Australia. Mean surfacing and dive periods were 7.85 sec (</span><span>se</span><span> = 0.26) and 39.27 sec (</span><span>se</span><span> = 1.31) respectively. Dolphin encounters were split into 56 focal follows of consistent group composition to which example approaches to estimating availability were applied. Non‐instantaneous availability estimates, assuming a 7-sec observation window, ranged between 0.22 and 0.88, with a mean availability of 0.46 (CV = 0.34). Availability tended to increase with increasing group size. We found a downward bias in group size estimation, with true group size typically one individual more than would have been estimated by a human observer during a standard aerial survey. The variability of availability estimates between focal follows highlights the importance of sampling across a variety of group sizes, compositions, and environmental conditions. Through data re‐sampling exercises, we explored the influence of sample size on availability estimates and their precision, with results providing an indication of target sample sizes to minimize bias in future research. We show that UAVs can provide an effective and relatively inexpensive method of characterizing dolphin availability with several advantages over existing approaches. The example estimates obtained for humpback dolphins are within the range of values obtained for other shallow‐water, small cetaceans, and will directly inform a government‐run program of aerial surveys in the region.</span></p>
Detecting an effect of group size on individual responses to neighboring groups in gray-cheeked mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena)
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Data from: Ecological tradeoffs drive a power-law relationship between group size and population density in social foragers
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