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Fig. 4 in Sperm morphology and some aspects of acrosomal complex development in four species of Heteronemertea (Pilidiophora, Nemertea)

Fig. 4. Ultrastructural aspects of the acrosomal complex development in Kulikovia alborostrata (A) Primary spermatocyte (sc) (B) Fragment of primary spermatocyte with Golgi body (Gb) located near a pair of centrioles (c). Arrows indicate small proacrosomal vesicles (C) Dividing spermatocyte (D) Higher magnification of proacrosomal vesicles (arrows) (E) Spermatid with single large rounded acrosomal vesicle (av) (F) Spermatids with transformed acrosomal vesicles in posterior and anterior positions. Abbreviations: chr, chromatin; m, mitochondrion; n, nucleus; pnf, posterior nuclear fossa. Scale bars: A, F = 2 μm, B, C, E = 1 μm, D = 0.5 μm.

Fig. 1 in Sperm morphology and some aspects of acrosomal complex development in four species of Heteronemertea (Pilidiophora, Nemertea)

Fig. 1. Fine organization of spermatozoon in Micrura bella (A–C) SEM (D–J) TEM (A) General view of spermatozoon (B) Sperm head with visible acrosomal region (a), slightly curveted nucleus (n) and midpiece (mp) with mitochondria rounded or slightly elongated along anterior/posterior axis. Flagellum (f) is posteriorly oriented (C) Longitudinal section along sperm head that consists of acrosomal complex (ac), nucleus, midpiece containing mitochondria, and centriolar complex (cc) (D) Longitudinal section along acrosomal complex containing large electron-dense vesicle in apical position (dv), thin layer of electron-dense material surrounding the electron-dense vesicle (arrows), small vesicles with moderate electron density (mv) located beneath plasma membrane and lower than the region of large vesicle; flocculent subacrosomal material of moderate electron density (asterisk) fills the central region immediately under the electron-dense vesicle (E) Higher magnification of large acrosomal vesicle in longitudinal projection. Its basal part forms invagination (F) Transverse section across acrosomal complex at the level of small vesicles. The vesicles are located peripherally forming a ring, often open. Central part is filled by subacrosomal material (asterisk) (G) Transverse section across acrosomal complex at the level of electron-dense vesicle. The vesicle is surrounded by electron-dense ring (arrow) (H) Longitudinal section along midpiece with centriolar complex represented by proximal (pc) and distal centrioles (dc) and mitochondria. The basal part of the nucleus forms posterior nuclear fossa (pnf) and invaginations hosting mitochondria (arrow) at sites of their contact with the nucleus (I) Transverse section across midpiece containing five mitochondria (J) Pericentriolar complex of distal centriole formed by satellite fibers (sf) (K) Transverse section through flagellum. Scale bars: A = 5 μm, B, C =2 μm, D-G =0.2 μm, H-J = 0.5 μm, K = 0.1 μm.

Figure 1 in Exploring the basal topology of the heteronemertean tree of life: establishment of a new family, along with turbotaxonomy of Valenciniidae (Nemertea: Pilidiophora: Heteronemertea)

Figure 1. Maximum-likelihood (ML) tree showing the phylogenetic relationships among 41 newly sequenced specimens of pilidiophorans (indicated with solid blue circles). Numbers near nodes are support values, ML bootstrap/Bayesian inference (BI) posterior probability. Nodes with yellow triangles are fully supported, with 100% ML bootstrap and 1.00 BI posterior probability. New species names are indicated in bold. Some nodes were polytomous in the BI tree (indicated by hyphens in place of posterior probability values).

Figure 7. A in Exploring the basal topology of the heteronemertean tree of life: establishment of a new family, along with turbotaxonomy of Valenciniidae (Nemertea: Pilidiophora: Heteronemertea)

Figure 7. A, Baseodiscus narusei sp. nov., holotype, ICHUM 6310, entire body, showing characteristic lateral edges; B, Baseodiscus paracelensis sp. nov., holotype, MIMB 33132, entire body; C, Baseodiscus aff. marmoratus (Bürger, 1890), anterior end of body, ventral view, head to the left; D, E, Baseodiscus ohtsukai sp. nov., holotype, ICHUM, 6327, drawings of anterior end of body viewed dorsally (D) and ventrally (E); F, G, Baseodiscus urgorrii sp. nov., holotype, MCZ IZ-135319, anterior end of body viewed dorsally (F) and ventrolaterally (G). Photos by T. Naruse (A), A. V. Chernyshev (B, C), and G. Giribet (F, G).

Figure 5. Cephalomastax brevis Iwata, 1957, ICHUM 6267. A in Exploring the basal topology of the heteronemertean tree of life: establishment of a new family, along with turbotaxonomy of Valenciniidae (Nemertea: Pilidiophora: Heteronemertea)

Figure 5. Cephalomastax brevis Iwata, 1957, ICHUM 6267. A, anterior fragment in contracted state, lateral view; B, anterior end of body, ventral view; C, transverse section showing proboscis; D, magnification of anterior proboscis musculature (arrowhead, radial muscle fibre); E, transverse section showing rhynchocoel musculature. Photos by H. Kajihara.

Figure 3. A in Exploring the basal topology of the heteronemertean tree of life: establishment of a new family, along with turbotaxonomy of Valenciniidae (Nemertea: Pilidiophora: Heteronemertea)

Figure 3. A, Baseodiscus aff. marmoratus (Bürger, 1890) (voucher DNA, ICHUM 6322); B, Baseodiscus aff. maculosus (Bürger, 1895a) (voucher DNA, ICHUM 6324); C–E, Baseodiscus delineatus (Delle Chiaje, 1822-1829), ICHUM 6326; F, Baseodiscus cf. curtus (Hubrecht, 1879), ICHUM 6328; G, H, Baseodiscus urgorrii sp. nov., holotype, MCZ IZ-135319, entire body (G) and protruding proboscis (indicated by an arrowhead, H); I, Baseodiscus punnetti (Coe, 1904), specimen different from any voucher specimens in this study; J, K, Baseodiscus kakuii sp. nov., holotype, ICHUM 6334, anterior body (J) and

Figure 4. A–C in Exploring the basal topology of the heteronemertean tree of life: establishment of a new family, along with turbotaxonomy of Valenciniidae (Nemertea: Pilidiophora: Heteronemertea)

Figure 4. A–C, Eopilidion misakiense gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ICHUM 6303, anterior end of body, ventral view, head to the right (A), frontal view (B), squeezed-slide preparation (C); D, Valencinura jambio sp. nov., holotype, ICHUM 6305, anterior end of body, ventral view. Photos by H. Kajihara.

Figure 6. A–E in Exploring the basal topology of the heteronemertean tree of life: establishment of a new family, along with turbotaxonomy of Valenciniidae (Nemertea: Pilidiophora: Heteronemertea)

Figure 6. A–E, Baseodiscus takakurai Gibson, 1995, ICHUM 6308, A, anterior end of body, ventral view; B, middle body region, showing appearance of body markings in differently contracted states; C, juvenile, showing dorsal mottling; D, juvenile, with head viewed ventrolaterally, showing two ocelli; E, transverse section of proboscis; F, Baseodiscus komatsui sp. nov., holotype, NSNM NMNS-Ne 1, entire body. Photos by H. Kajihara (A–E) and H. Komatsu (F).

Figure 2. A in Exploring the basal topology of the heteronemertean tree of life: establishment of a new family, along with turbotaxonomy of Valenciniidae (Nemertea: Pilidiophora: Heteronemertea)

Figure 2. A, Eopilidion misakiense gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ICHUM 6303, lateral view, head to the right; B, Oxypolella hiebertae sp. nov., holotype, MIMB 42256; C, Cephalomastax brevis Iwata, 1957, ICHUM 6304; D, E, Valencinura jambio sp. nov., holotype, ICHUM 6305, anterior body fragment (D) and enlargement of intestinal region (E) showing yellowish proboscis (indicated by arrowheads); F, Baseodiscus takakurai Gibson, 1995, ICHUM 6306; G, Baseodiscus profundus sp. nov., holotype, MIMB 42257; H, I, Baseodiscus narusei sp. nov., holotype, ICHUM 6310, anterior end of body, dorsal (H) and ventral (I) views; J, Baseodiscus paracelensis sp. nov., holotype, MIMB 33132; K, Baseodiscus komatsui sp. nov., holotype, NMNS-Ne 1; L, Baseodiscus unicolor Stiasny-Wijnhoff, 1925; M, Baseodiscus giribeti sp. nov., holotype, MCZ IZ-135324; N, Baseodiscus cf. amboinensis (Staub, 1900); O, Baseodiscus hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1828-1831), specimen from Okinawa, different from any voucher specimens in this study; P, Baseodiscus zebra sp. nov., holotype, RUMF-ZN-00001; Q, Baseodiscus quinquelineatus (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833), ICHUM 6319. Photographs by H. Kajihara (A, C, D, E, F, O), A. V. Chernyshev (B, G, J), T. Naruse (H, I), H. Komatsu (K), G. Giribet (L, M), D. Uyeno (P), and R. Yoshida (Q).

Figure 4 from: Park T, Lee S-H, Sun S-C, Kajihara H (2019) Morphological and molecular study on Yininemertes pratensis (Nemertea, Pilidiophora, Heteronemertea) from the Han River Estuary, South Korea, and its phylogenetic position within the family Lineidae. ZooKeys 852: 31-51. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.852.32602

Figure 4 Maximum likelihood tree (ln L = −51290.378661) for heteronemerteans based on concatenated 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, histone H3, histone H4, 16S rRNA, and COI dataset showing phylogenetic position of Yininemertespratensis (Sun and Lu, 1998). Numbers near nodes are bootstrap values for maximum-likelihood analysis and posterior probability for Bayesian inference. Scale bar indicates the number of substitutions per site.

Figure 3 from: Park T, Lee S-H, Sun S-C, Kajihara H (2019) Morphological and molecular study on Yininemertes pratensis (Nemertea, Pilidiophora, Heteronemertea) from the Han River Estuary, South Korea, and its phylogenetic position within the family Lineidae. ZooKeys 852: 31-51. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.852.32602

Figure 3 Yininemertespratensis (Sun and Lu, 1998), photograph in life (A) and photomicrographs of transverse sections (B, D, E, G, HICHUM 5260 C DH005C, paratype F DH005A, holotype). A Anesthetized state with proboscis partially protruded, NIBR IV 0000409596 B, C proboscis; large arrow heads indicating fibers contributing to muscle cross; small arrow heads showing rhabdoids D cerebral region showing type-3 neuron E, F foregut region, arrow heads indicating intra-epithelial somatic muscle fibers G, H cephalic region showing well-developed cephalic lacuna.

Figure 2 from: Park T, Lee S-H, Sun S-C, Kajihara H (2019) Morphological and molecular study on Yininemertes pratensis (Nemertea, Pilidiophora, Heteronemertea) from the Han River Estuary, South Korea, and its phylogenetic position within the family Lineidae. ZooKeys 852: 31-51. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.852.32602

Figure 2 Photographs of Yininemertespratensis (Sun and Lu, 1998) taken in life. A A haul of a glass-eel net at the Han River Estuary, South Korea, on 6 April 2015 B magnification of a swarm of the same worms as in A from the Han River Estuary taken in the laboratory; arrow heads indicating the characteristic transverse narrow rings in the intestinal region C a specimen dug from clayey mud sediment with vegetation at Bailonggang in the Yangtze River Estuary, China, May 13, 2016 D a specimen dug from non-vegetated clay sediment at Chongming Island in the Yangtze River Estuary, China, 14 May 2016 E topotype from the Yangtze River Estuary showing an overview of whole specimen F topotype from China showing magnification of head, ventral view G topotype from China, magnification of intestinal region, showing the characteristic narrow transverse rings, indicated by arrow heads.

Figure 1 from: Park T, Lee S-H, Sun S-C, Kajihara H (2019) Morphological and molecular study on Yininemertes pratensis (Nemertea, Pilidiophora, Heteronemertea) from the Han River Estuary, South Korea, and its phylogenetic position within the family Lineidae. ZooKeys 852: 31-51. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.852.32602

Figure 1 Maps showing sampling localities indicated by arrow heads. A The Han River and Yangtze River Estuaries are about 840 km apart from each other across the Yellow Sea B sampling locality in Goyang, Korea C two sampling localities, Chongming Island and Bailonggang, China.

Figure 5 from: Park T, Lee S-H, Sun S-C, Kajihara H (2019) Morphological and molecular study on Yininemertes pratensis (Nemertea, Pilidiophora, Heteronemertea) from the Han River Estuary, South Korea, and its phylogenetic position within the family Lineidae. ZooKeys 852: 31-51. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.852.32602

Figure 5 Median-joining network for eight haplotypes detected among 29 Yininemertespratensis specimens (22 from Han River, Korea; 7 from Yangtze River, China; statistical-parsimony method yielded the same topology). Numbers in each circle (pie chart) indicate sample size which is proportional to the size of each pie diagram.