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opencc-by-4.0Mar 2010View details →

Figure 3 in Four new species and one new genus of zoanthids (Cnidaria, Hexacorallia) from the Galapagos Islands

Figure 3. Terrazoanthus onoi sp. n. in situ in the Galapagos. a and c paratype USNM 1134066, at Whale Rock, San Cristobel I., depth 21 m, by JDR, March 12, 2007 b paratype CMNH-ZG 05885, Glynn's Reef, Darwin I., depth 13 m, by Fred Liss, March 8, 2007. All scale bars: 1 cm.

Fig. 3 in Feeding Biology And Symbiotic Relationships Of The Corallimorpharian Paracorynactis Hoplites (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia)

Fig. 3. Diameter of fully digested crown-of-thorns sea stars (Acanthaster planci) as a function of polyp diameter of Paracorynactis hoplites.

Fig. 1 in Feeding Biology And Symbiotic Relationships Of The Corallimorpharian Paracorynactis Hoplites (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia)

Fig. 1. Extended polyp of Paracorynactis hoplites pulling a partly whitened asteroid (Linckia laevigata) toward its mouth. Note test of echinoid Echinometra mathaei beside base of polyp (A. R. Bos).

Fig. 5 in Feeding Biology And Symbiotic Relationships Of The Corallimorpharian Paracorynactis Hoplites (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia)

Fig. 5. Symbiotic shrimp Thor amboinensis among tentacles of a polyp of Paracorynactis hoplites. Mouth of polyp is visible at lower right (A. R. Bos).

Fig. 4 in Feeding Biology And Symbiotic Relationships Of The Corallimorpharian Paracorynactis Hoplites (Anthozoa: Hexacorallia)

Fig. 4. Entirely closed polyp of Paracorynactis hoplites where tentacles are not visible (A. R. Bos).

Fig. 2 in New Distributional Records of Three Species of Euphylliidae (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia, Scleractinia) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Fig. 2. Corallum of Fimbriaphyllia species currently reported from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan, F. paraancora (A–D) and F. paradivisa (E–H). A, KAUM-CN-10, Tean, Amami-Oshima island, Kagoshima, Japan, depth of 32 m; B, CMNH-ZG09105, Tean, Amami-Oshima island, Kagoshima, Japan, depth of 35 m; C, CMNH-ZG 08523, Wase, Amami-Oshima island, Kagoshima, Japan, depth of 9 m; D, CMNH- ZG 07195, Ii-nanshi, Ogamijima island, Okinawa, Japan, depth of 10 m; E, KAUM-CN-11, Tean, Amami-Oshima island, Kagoshima, Japan, depth of 32 m; F, CMNH-ZG 09661, Tean, Amami-Oshima island, Kagoshima, Japan, depth of 32 m; G, KAUM-CN-12, Henoko, Okinawajima island, Okinawa, Japan, depth of 28 m; H, CMNH-ZG-09661, Henoko, Okinawajima island, Japan, depth of 28 m.

Fig. 1 in New Distributional Records of Three Species of Euphylliidae (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia, Scleractinia) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Fig. 1. Underwater appearance of living corals. A, in situ photograph of the colonies of Fimbriaphyllia paraancora (KAUM-CN-10) on the left and F.paradivisa (KAUM-CN-11) at Tean, Amami-Oshima island, Kagoshima, Japan, on 21 December 2017; B, an aggregation of F.paradivisa approximately 3–5 m in diameters on the muddy bottom in the usually turbid inner bay at a depth 28 m, Henoko, Okinawajima island, Okinawa, Japan, on 25 November 2010; C, extended polyps of F. paradivisa showing branching tentacles with spherical ends; D, extended polyps of F. paraancora showing tentacles with anchor-shaped tips; E, in situ photograph of Catalaphyllia jardinei (KAUM-CN-14) at Tean, Amami-Oshima island, Kagoshima, Japan, on 21 December 2017; F, polyps of C. jardinei showing small bubble-shaped tentacles at the edge of the oral disc.

Fig. 4 in New Distributional Records of Three Species of Euphylliidae (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia, Scleractinia) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Fig. 4. Specimens of Catalaphyllia jardinei preserved in the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History (Photographs taken by Allison Becker) (USNM). A–B, corallite of USNM 1259568, collected at 52–55 m deep off Manza Horshoe Cliffs, Onna, Okinawajima island, Okinawa, Japan, on 21 December 1988, by Robert F. Bolland; C–D, corallite of USNM 94409, collected at 27 m deep off Nago City, Nago, Okinawajima island, Okinawa, Japan, on 21 February 1992, by R. F. Bolland.

Fig. 3 in New Distributional Records of Three Species of Euphylliidae (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Hexacorallia, Scleractinia) from the Ryukyu Islands, Japan

Fig. 3. Corallum of Catalaphyllia jardinei currently reported from Amami-Oshima island, Japan. A, side view of the corallite of KAUM- CN-14; B, view from the top side of the corallite and the calice of KAUM-CN-14; C, side view of the corallite of CMNH-ZG 09662; D, view from the top side of the corallite and the calice of CMNH-ZG 0966 showing three-forked branching of the calice.

Fig. 1 in Zoantharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) of the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand: a species list based on past reports and new photographic records

Fig. 1. Map of the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand showing locations of past literature records of Zoantharia (black dots) and newly reported photographic records in this study (pink dots). Note that within each location (Table 1) there may be more than one locality (details in Table 1 and text).

Fig. 4 in Zoantharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) of the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand: a species list based on past reports and new photographic records

Fig. 4. Epizoanthus aff. illoricatus at Shark Cave 2, west Layang- Layang Atoll, Spratlys, Malaysia. Detailed image information given in Table 1.

Fig. 3 in Zoantharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) of the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand: a species list based on past reports and new photographic records

Fig. 3. Species of the family Sphenopidae in the South China Sea. A, unidentified Palythoa sp. 1 southwest of Pelong Rocks, northwestern Borneo, Brunei Darussalam; B, P. cf. mutuki south-southwest of Pelong Rocks, northwestern Borneo, Brunei Darussalam; C, P. heliodiscus at Batu Berlabuh, southeast Pulau Tioman, Pahang, Malaysia; D, P. cf. toxica at Wreck Point 2, southeast Layang-Layang Atoll, Spratlys, Malaysia; E, P. tuberculosa at Ekor Tebu, Pulau Redang, Terengganu, Malaysia; and F, Sphenopus marsupialis at sandy shoal without name southwest of Pelong Rocks, northwestern Borneo, Brunei Darussalam. Detailed image information given in Table S1.

Fig. 2 in Zoantharia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Hexacorallia) of the South China Sea and Gulf of Thailand: a species list based on past reports and new photographic records

Fig. 2. Species of the family Zoanthidae in the South China Sea. A, Acrozoanthus australiae at Runway, south Layang-Layang Atoll, Spratly Islands, Malaysia; B, Zoanthus sansibaricus at Redang Kalong House Reef, east Pulau Redang, Terengganu, Malaysia; C, Z. sansibaricus at Batu Berlabuh, southeast Pulau Tioman, Pahang, Malaysia; D, Z. vietnamensis at Hoi Ha Wan, Hong Kong (photograph by Leung Yu Hin); E, Z. kuroshio at Mango Bay, Koh Tao, Thailand; and F, Z. gigantus at Pak Lap Tsui, Hong Kong (photograph by Tsang Ho Leung). Detailed image information given in Table 1.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2003View details →

Figure 1 in Systematics of the Hexacorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa)

Figure 1. Schematic cross-section through hexacorallians at the level of the actinopharynx, showing arrangement of mesenteries. The radial lines represent mesenteries, the central oval represents the actinopharynx. The filled oval on each mesentery represents the retractor muscle. A, hexamerously arranged, paired, coupled mesenteries typical of Actiniaria, Scleractinia, and Corallimorpharia. Mesenteries labelled A, B, I, and II are perfect; C and D are imperfect. A and B, C and D, and I and II are paired; I and II are coupled with A and B. B, hexamerously arranged, paired, coupled mesentery arrangement typical of Zoanthidea. Mesenteries labelled M and m are part of a dimorphic pair; the macrocneme (M) is larger than microcneme (m). C, unpaired, coupled arrangement typical of Ceriantharia. In ceriantharians, the longitudinal muscle of the mesentery is not hypertrophied into a separate retractor muscle; the filled ovals indicate the surface of the mesentery on which the longitudinal muscle fibres run.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2003View details →

Figure 3. Tree from Fig. 2 in Systematics of the Hexacorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa)

Figure 3. Tree from Fig. 2, with intra-ordinal clades labelled and morphological synapomorphies optimized. Numbers refer to Table 3. Double asterisk indicates alternative optimization of calcareous skeleton; branches along which skeleton would have to have been lost are labelled A, B, and C; see text for further explanation.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2003View details →

Figure 2 in Systematics of the Hexacorallia (Cnidaria: Anthozoa)

Figure 2. Strict consensus of 12 equally parsimonious trees (L = 3510; CI = 0.62; RI = 0.64), with number and types of characters unambiguously supporting each node indicated. Asterisks and lettering of branches relate to discussion of skeletal evolution in the text. Ordinal groups are labelled; more detailed taxonomic information is given in Table 2.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Genomic signatures of sympatric speciation with historical and contemporary gene flow in a tropical anthozoan (Hexacorallia: Actiniaria)

Sympatric diversification is increasingly thought to have played an important role in the evolution of biodiversity around the globe. However, an in situ sympatric origin for co-distributed taxa is difficult to demonstrate empirically because different evolutionary processes can lead to similar biogeographic outcomes- especially in ecosystems that can readily facilitate secondary contact due to a lack of hard barriers to dispersal. Here we use a genomic (ddRADseq), model-based approach to delimit a species complex of tropical sea anemones that are co-distributed on coral reefs throughout the Tropical Western Atlantic. We use coalescent simulations in fastsimcoal2 to test competing diversification scenarios that span the allopatric-sympatric continuum. We recover support that the corkscrew sea anemone Bartholomea annulata (Le Sueur, 1817) is a cryptic species complex, co-distributed throughout its range. Simulation and model selection analyses suggest these lineages arose in the face of historical and contemporary gene flow, supporting a sympatric origin, but an alternative secondary contact model also receives appreciable model support. Leveraging the genome of Exaiptasia diaphana we identify five loci under divergent selection between cryptic B. annulata lineages that fall within mRNA transcripts or CDS regions. Our study provides a rare empirical, genomic example of sympatric speciation in a tropical anthozoan. Finally, these data represent the first range-wide molecular study of any tropical sea anemone, underscoring that anemone diversity is under described in the tropics, and highlighting the need for additional systematic studies into these ecologically and economically important species.

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

MALDI-TOF MS data: Species delimitation of Hexacorallia and Octocorallia around Iceland using nuclear and mitochondrial DNA and proteome fingerprinting

<p>Cold-water corals build up reef structures or coral gardens and play an important role for many organisms in the deep sea. Climate change, deep-sea mining, and bottom trawling are severely compromising these ecosystems, making it all the more important to document the diversity, distribution, and impacts on corals. This goes hand in hand with species identification, which is morphologically and genetically challenging for Hexa- and Octocorallia. Morphological variation and slowly evolving molecular markers both contribute to the difficulty of species identification. In this study, a fast and cheap species delimitation tool for Octocorallia and Scleractinia of the Northeast Atlantic was tested based on 49 specimens. Two nuclear markers (ITS2 and 28S rDNA) and two mitochondrial markers (COI and mtMutS) were sequenced. The sequences formed the basis of a reference library for comparison to the results of species delimitation based on proteomic analysis using the MALDI-TOF MS method. The genetic methods were able to distinguish 17 of 18 presumed species. The MALDI-TOF MS method was able to distinguish 7 species. Species that could not be distinguished from one another still achieved good signals but were not represented by enough specimens for comparison. Therefore, it is predicted that with an extensive reference library of proteome spectra for Scleractinia and Octocorallia, MALDI-TOF MS may provide a rapid and cost-effective alternative for species discrimination in corals.</p>

publicJun 2019View details →

Data from: Genomic signatures of sympatric speciation with historical and contemporary gene flow in a tropical anthozoan (Hexacorallia: Actiniaria)

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