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4 results for “Historical_kelp”
SBC LTER: Reef: Historical Kelp Database for giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) biomass in California and Mexico
ISP Alginates (formerly Kelco Co.) has collected information on the abundance of giant kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) in California and Mexico from routine aerial surveys since 1957. The standard protocol consists of an observer visually estimating the amount of harvestable giant kelp biomass within designated kelp beds from a small fixed-wing aircraft. Observations were recorded on paper data sheets in the field and archived in notebooks housed at ISP Alginates. With cooperation from ISP Alginates, the SBCLTER converted ISP Alginates long-term records of giant kelp biomass into a digital format. The database consists of a data table containing kelp biomass, a catalog of maps. The format ISP Alginates used to report kelp abundance data changed periodically over the course of the collecting period. These details, pus descriptions of designated kelp beds are described in the protocol document.
SBC LTER: Reef: Benthic community structure along a gradient of historic kelp variability
These data are estimates of biomass of approximately 225 taxa of reef algae, invertebrates, and fish in transects at 11 non-core sites in the Santa Barbara Channel in summer 2018 (3 transects per site). Sites were selected along a gradient of historic kelp (Macrocystis pyrifera) variability, from sites with highly persistent kelp to sites exhibiting extensive variation in kelp biomass since 2008. See the site characteristics data table for site locations and depths. The purpose of the sampling was to explore to what extent the findings from the long-term experiment (e.g. Castorani et al. 2018) apply to natural gradients in kelp persistence. Surveys were conducted following the same methodology used in the annual surveys of kelp forest community structure, such that data from the non-core sites may be paired with annual survey data collected in summer 2018.
Historical kelp forests in California over multiple centuries
<p>Kelp forests have deteriorated globally due to anthropogenic stressors. There is an urgent need to extend baselines, to understand the processes that underlie the persistence and recovery of kelp forests, and to distinguish the normal range of ecosystem variability from more extreme changes. Using a mixed-method, historical ecology approach we integrate archival data, oral histories, and contemporary ecological data to examine the dynamics of kelp forests over a multi-decadal to multi-century time period in central California. We focus on sea otters, sunflower seastars, sea urchins, kelp cover, kelp species dynamics, and climate. From 1826 to 2020 kelp was highly variable. There were seven periods of low kelp cover and two periods of exceptionally low kelp cover (1896-1899; 2014-2016) following El Niño-Southern Oscillations (ENSOs). Exceptionally low kelp cover did not occur when two predators – seastars and sea otters – were present. In all cases, kelp recovered following times of extremely low cover, with a lag, which was extended by the duration of warm water anomalies. We present the concept of an ENSO Recovery Lag - a metric indicating the time it takes for kelp to recover following ENSO events. Kelp remained low for approximately two years following 80% of ENSOs. The greatest kelp decline (12-fold) was in Santa Cruz (northern Monterey Bay). Herbivore populations (sea urchins) were highly variable over the past century and exhibited short and long-term changes in abundance. Sunflower seastars were present in low, stable abundances prior to seastar wasting disease (1938-2013 mean density: 0.02/m<sup>2</sup>) when they declined by 97.5%. Insights from this reconstruction indicate that kelp recovery following extended warm water anomalies exhibits a lag, and occurs over multiple years.</p>
Historical kelp forests in California over multiple centuries
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