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116 results for “Host Parasite Interactions”
Data from: Deciphering host-parasitoid interactions and parasitism rates of crop pests using DNA metabarcoding
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Data from: Extreme heat reduces host and parasite performance in a butterfly-parasite interaction
<p>Environmental temperature fundamentally shapes insect physiology, fitness, and interactions with parasites. Differential climate warming effects on host versus parasite biology could exacerbate or inhibit parasite transmission, with far-reaching implications for pollination services, biocontrol, and human health. Here, we experimentally test how controlled temperatures influence multiple components of host and parasite fitness in monarch butterflies (<em>Danaus plexippus</em>) and their protozoan parasites <em>Ophryocystis elektroscirrha</em>. Using five constant temperature treatments spanning 18-34°C, we measured monarch development, survival, size, immune function, and parasite infection status and intensity. Monarch size and survival declined sharply at 34°C, as did infection probability, suggesting that hot temperatures decrease both host and parasite performance. The lack of infection at 34°C was not due to greater host immunity or faster larval development but could instead reflect the thermal limits of parasite invasion and within-host replication. In the context of ongoing climate change, our experiment suggests that temperature increases above the upper thermal range will reduce the fitness of both monarchs and their parasites, with lower infection rates potentially mitigating the impact of extreme heat on future monarch abundance and distribution.</p>
Data from: The interactive effects of heat stress, parasitism, and hostplant quality in a host-parasitoid system
<p>Species interactions are expected to change in myriad ways as the frequency and magnitude of extreme temperature events increase with anthropogenic climate change. The relationships between endosymbionts, parasites, and their hosts are particularly sensitive to thermal stress, which can have cascading effects to other trophic levels. We investigate the interactive effects of heat stress and parasitism on a terrestrial tritrophic system consisting of two hostplants (one common, high-quality plant and one novel, low-quality plant), a caterpillar herbivore, and a specialist parasitoid wasp. We used a fully-factorial experiment to determine the bottom-up effects of the novel hostplant on both the caterpillars' life history traits and the wasps' survival, and the top-down effects of parasitism and heat shock on caterpillar developmental outcomes and herbivory levels. Hostplant identity interacted with thermal stress to affect wasp success, with wasps performing better on the low-quality hostplant under constant temperatures but worse under heat shock conditions. Surprisingly, caterpillars consumed less leaf material of the low-quality hostplant to reach the same final mass across developmental outcomes. In parasitized caterpillars, heat shock reduced parasitoid survival and increased both caterpillar final mass and development time on both hostplants. These findings highlight the importance of studying community-level responses to climate change from a holistic and integrative perspective and provide insight into potential substantial interactions between thermal stress and diet quality in plant-insect systems.</p>
The impact of within-host coinfection interactions on between-host parasite transmission dynamics varies with spatial scale
<p>Within-host interactions among coinfecting parasites can have major consequences for individual infection risk and disease severity. However, the impact of these within-host interactions on between-host parasite transmission, and the spatial scales over which they occur, remain unknown. We developed and applied a novel spatially explicit analysis to parasite infection data from a wild wood mouse (<em>Apodemus sylvaticus</em>) population. We previously demonstrated a strong within-host negative interaction between two wood mouse gastrointestinal parasites, the nematode <em>Heligmosomoides polygyrus,</em> and the coccidian <em>Eimeria hungaryensis</em>, using drug-treatment experiments. Here, we show this negative within-host interaction can significantly alter the between-host transmission dynamics of <em>E. hungaryensis</em>, but only within spatially-restricted neighbourhoods around each host. However, for the closely related species <em>E. apionodes</em>, which experiments show does not interact strongly with <em>H. polygyrus</em>, we did not find any effect on transmission over any spatial scale. Our results demonstrate that the effects of within-host coinfection interactions can ripple out beyond each host to alter the transmission dynamics of the parasites, but only over local scales that likely reflect the spatial dimension of transmission. Hence there may be knock-on consequences of drug treatments impacting the transmission of non-target parasites, altering infection risks even for non-treated individuals in the wider neighbourhood.</p>
Fig. 10 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts
Fig. 10. Comparisons of inflammatory cells recruited to inflammatory foci in cane toads, Rhinella marina (a) and native frogs, Cyclorana australis (b). Each anuran species was exposed to infective larvae of Rhabdias hylae (white bars) and Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala (grey bars). Graphs show average values ± 1 S.E.M.
Fig. 7 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts
Fig. 7. Histological investigation of lungworm infection in anurans. Graphs show the proportion of (a) metamorph native frogs (Cyclorana australis) and (b) metamorph cane toads (Rhinella marina) infected with lungworms, not infected with lungworms, or with inflammatory 'foci' (probable cases of a lungworm larva penetrating the anuran's body but failing to survive).
Fig. 2 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts
Fig. 2. The distribution of lungworm larvae in cane toad metamorphs. (a) Toad metamorphs infected with Rhabdias hylae (native frog lungworm) and (b) toad metamorphs infected with Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala (cane toad lungworm). Data in panel (b) are from Pizzatto et al. (2010), with permission. LUNG refers to adult lungworms found within the lung, SKIN/MUSCLE refers to larvae found in the skeletal muscle or subcutaneous tissue, HEAD refers to larvae detected in the head or neck region (excluding those found in eye tissue), EYE indicates larvae found in the eye or periocular tissue, and COELOM denotes larvae within the coelom or coelomic membranes.
Fig. 1. Histological image depicting a in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts
Fig. 1. Histological image depicting a transverse section of (a) R. hylae larva in the connective tissue of the head of a cane toad and (b) the inflammatory response composed primarily of macrophages and multinucleated giant cells surrounding the parasite. Haematoxylin and eosin stain, 400× magnification, scale bar equals 30 μm.
Fig. 4 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts
Fig. 4. Effect of time since exposure to Rhabdias hylae larvae on cane toad metamorphs: (a) shows the number of larvae found in toads and (b) shows the number of foci (areas of inflammation with no visible larvae) in toads, as determined by histological methods.
Fig. 9 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts
Fig. 9. Change in the average number of inflammatory foci (probable cases of larval parasites breaking down) observed in all anurans over time. Graph shows average values ± 1 S.E.M.
Fig. 6 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts
Fig. 6. Effects of Rhabdias hylae infection on cane toad metamorphs: (a) the average percentage of neutrophils and (b) lymphocytes around inflammation sites over time in cane toads infected with Rhabdias hylae. Graphs show average values ±1 S.E.M.
Fig. 3 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts
Fig. 3. The state of Rhabdias hylae larvae in cane toads as a function of days-post treatment. The graph shows larval numbers as the percentage of total larvae that were seen at each time period.
Fig. 5 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts
Fig. 5. Average inflammation severity surrounding Rhabdias hylae larvae and foci (probable larvae being broken down by the host's immune system) within infected cane toads at different numbers of days post-infection. Graph shows average values ±1 S.E.M.
Fig. 8 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts
Fig. 8. Changes through time (days post-infection) on the relative numbers of anurans that were infected with lungworms, and that contained adult versus juvenile stages of the parasites involved. Data are shown for two lungworm species (Rhabdias hylae from native frogs, and Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala from invasive cane toads) and for two types of host: the native frog, Cyclorana australis, and the cane toad, Rhinella marina. The panels show data for (a) C. australis infected with R. pseudosphaerocephala, (b) C. australis infected with R. hylae, (c) cane toads infected with R. pseudosphaerocephala and (d) cane toads infected with R. hylae.
Fig. 2 in A walk on the tundra: Host-parasite interactions in an extreme environment
Fig. 2. Representation of historical drivers for host and parasite distributions across North America during the Last Glacial Maximum and the post-Pleistocene. The map depicts the current geography of the continent showing an overlay of the maximum extent of past glaciations, pathways for expansion and episodic range shifts by ungulates and parasitic nematodes, and the contemporary distributions of caribou of the migratory Dolphin and Union herd, and of the sedentary Kangerlussuaq-Sisimiut and AkiaManiitsoq herds of West Greenland.
Fig. 1 in A walk on the tundra: Host-parasite interactions in an extreme environment
Fig. 1. The parasite fauna of Arctic ungulates has been shaped by historical and contemporary processes. Today, the Arctic today is characterized by extremes in temperature, high seasonality, and low host species diversity and abundance. Rapid climate warming is now a dominant feature that is altering host–parasite interactions in several ways. Temperatures directly affect parasite development and survival in the environment and in ectotherm hosts, and although warming temperatures may initially accelerate transmission, they may quickly exceed the upper thermal tolerance limits for some arctic parasites. Using the Metabolic Theory of Ecology, temperature dependencies can be modeled and generalized to provide broader insights across genera and ecological regions. Climate changes may also alter both host and parasite life-history strategies and phenology, including migration patterns, leading to non-linear changes and tipping points in transmission ecology. Climate warming and associated changes in the cryosphere also alters ecological barriers and corridors, leading to range shifts and new contact zones.
Fig. 3 in Host-parasite interaction and impact of mite infection on mosquito population
Fig. 3. Attachment preferences of mites for mosquito body parts. Bars show ± SE, comparisons are made at 95% confidence using ANOVA. Bars without SE = no variations.
Fig. 4 in Host-parasite interaction and impact of mite infection on mosquito population
Fig. 4. Attachment preference of mites for mosquito sexes. Bars show ± SE, comparisons are made at 95% confidence using ANOVA. Bars without SE = no variations.
Fig. 2 in Host-parasite interaction and impact of mite infection on mosquito population
Fig. 2. Mosquitoes parasitized by mites. Tukey's multiple comparison tests were applied at 95% confidence to compare differences. Bars (±SE) with different letters show significant differences at p ≤ 0.05. Bars without SE = no variations.
Fig. 1 in Host-parasite interaction and impact of mite infection on mosquito population
Fig. 1. (A) Culex pipiens fatigans infected by Arrenurus danbyensis; (B and C) Coquillettidia sp. infected with Leptus sp.; (D) Aedes sp., infected with Arrenurus danbyensis.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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