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26 results for “Host-parasitoid interactions”
Data from: Deciphering host-parasitoid interactions and parasitism rates of crop pests using DNA metabarcoding
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Data from: The interactive effects of heat stress, parasitism, and hostplant quality in a host-parasitoid system
<p>Species interactions are expected to change in myriad ways as the frequency and magnitude of extreme temperature events increase with anthropogenic climate change. The relationships between endosymbionts, parasites, and their hosts are particularly sensitive to thermal stress, which can have cascading effects to other trophic levels. We investigate the interactive effects of heat stress and parasitism on a terrestrial tritrophic system consisting of two hostplants (one common, high-quality plant and one novel, low-quality plant), a caterpillar herbivore, and a specialist parasitoid wasp. We used a fully-factorial experiment to determine the bottom-up effects of the novel hostplant on both the caterpillars' life history traits and the wasps' survival, and the top-down effects of parasitism and heat shock on caterpillar developmental outcomes and herbivory levels. Hostplant identity interacted with thermal stress to affect wasp success, with wasps performing better on the low-quality hostplant under constant temperatures but worse under heat shock conditions. Surprisingly, caterpillars consumed less leaf material of the low-quality hostplant to reach the same final mass across developmental outcomes. In parasitized caterpillars, heat shock reduced parasitoid survival and increased both caterpillar final mass and development time on both hostplants. These findings highlight the importance of studying community-level responses to climate change from a holistic and integrative perspective and provide insight into potential substantial interactions between thermal stress and diet quality in plant-insect systems.</p>
Data from: The interactive effects of heat stress, parasitism, and hostplant quality in a host-parasitoid system
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Data from: Spatial scale, neighbouring plants and variation in plant volatiles interactively determine the strength of host-parasitoid relationships
Species-specific responses to the environment can moderate the strength of interactions between plants, herbivores and parasitoids. However, the ways in which characteristics of plants, such as genotypic variation in herbivore induced volatiles (HIPVs) that attract parasitoids, affect trophic interactions in different contexts of plant patch size and plant neighbourhood is not well understood. We conducted a factorial field experiment with white cabbage (<i>Brassica oleracea</i>) accessions that differ in the attractiveness of their HIPVs for parasitoids, in the context of different patch sizes and presence or absence of surrounding <i>Brassica nigra</i> plants. Parasitism rates of experimentally introduced <i>Pieris brassicae</i> caterpillars and the presence of naturally occurring <i>Pieris</i> spp. caterpillars in the plots were assessed throughout the growing season. The abundance of <i>Pieris</i> caterpillars was neither affected by cabbage accession nor plot size. Later in the season, when <i>B. nigra</i> plants had senesced, fewer caterpillars were found on cabbage plants in plots with a <i>B. nigra</i> border. Parasitism rates fluctuated over the season, and were not affected by plot size. However, the <i>B. nigra</i> border negatively affected parasitism rates on the accession that is less attractive to the parasitoid <i>Cotesia glomerata</i>, but not on the more attractive accession. Our results show that plant variation in HIPVs can differentially influence herbivores and parasitoids depending on characteristics of the surrounding vegetation context. These findings underscore the importance of considering the interaction between focal plant traits and neighbourhood context to reliably predict trophic cascades.
Data from: Differing thermal sensitivities in a host-parasitoid interaction: high, fluctuating developmental temperatures produce dead wasps and giant caterpillars
<p>1. Insect parasitoids, and the arthropod hosts they consume during development, are important ecological players in almost all environments across the globe. As ectothermic organisms, both parasitoid and host are strongly impacted by environmental temperature. If thermal tolerances differ between host insect and parasitoid, then the outcome of their interaction will be determined by the ambient temperature. As mean temperatures continue to rise and extreme temperatures become more frequent, we must determine the effect of high temperature stress on host-parasitoid systems to predict how they will fare in the face of climate change.</p> <p class="MsoNoSpacingCxSpMiddle">2. The majority of studies conducted on host-parasitoid systems focus on either performance under constant temperature, or a fixed metric of thermal tolerance (CT<sub>max</sub>) for individual organisms. However, performance at constant temperatures is not predictive of performance under ecologically relevant, fluctuating temperatures, and measurements of thermal thresholds provide little information regarding the effects of temperature throughout development. We address this by testing the effects of increasing mean temperature in both constant and fluctuating (±10°C) environments throughout development on the performance of the parasitoid wasp <i>Cotesia congregata</i> and its lepidopteran larval host, <i>Manduca sexta.</i></p> <p class="MsoNoSpacingCxSpLast">3. The growth of <i>M. sexta</i> was influenced by mean temperature, diurnal fluctuations, and parasitization status. Caterpillar growth rate increased with increasing mean temperature, but decreased in response to diurnal fluctuations and parasitization by <i>C. congregata </i>wasps.</p> <p>4. Wasp survival decreased with increasing mean temperature, and diurnal fluctuations decreased wasp survival, especially at higher mean temperatures. Diurnal fluctuations at our highest mean temperature treatment (30°C±10°C) resulted in complete wasp mortality, and parasitized hosts displayed abnormal physiology, wherein they failed to exhibit wasp emergence, did not enter the prepupal stage, continued to feed, and grew up to two-fold larger than a normal, unparasitized caterpillar.</p> <p>5. Our results indicate hosts and parasitoids in this system have different thermal tolerances during development; the parasitoid wasp suffered complete mortality at a temperature regime that is mildly stressful for the unparasitized caterpillar host species. Our findings suggest <i>C. congregata </i>will suffer more severely under increasing temperatures than <i>M. sexta</i>, with cascading trophic and ecological effects.</p>
Data from: Humidity modifies age-dependent heat wave effects in an insect host-parasitoid interaction
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Data from: Spatial scale, neighbouring plants and variation in plant volatiles interactively determine the strength of host-parasitoid relationships
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Data from: Developmental timing of extreme temperature events (heat waves) disrupts host-parasitoid interactions
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Data from: Differing thermal sensitivities in a host-parasitoid interaction: high, fluctuating developmental temperatures produce dead wasps and giant caterpillars
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Figure 6 in Parasitoid complex associated with the flea weevil Orchestes alni L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Bulgaria and a review of host-parasitoid interactions of genus Orchestes Illiger
Figure 6. Pteromalidae. Habitus of Pteromalus varians (a: female, b: male) and Trichomalus inscitus (c: female, d: male).
Figure 3 in Parasitoid complex associated with the flea weevil Orchestes alni L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Bulgaria and a review of host-parasitoid interactions of genus Orchestes Illiger
Figure 3. Eulophidae. Habitus of Baryscapus nigroviolaceus (a: female), Chrysocharis nephereus (b: female), Chrysocharis pentheus (c: female), Cirrospilus lyncus (d: female), Cirrospilus pictus (e: male) and Closterocerus ruforum (f: female).
Figure 1 in Parasitoid complex associated with the flea weevil Orchestes alni L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Bulgaria and a review of host-parasitoid interactions of genus Orchestes Illiger
Figure 1. Adults of Orchestes alni emerged from samples collected in Sofia (specimen with darker (a) and lighter (b) colouration, dorsal view; specimen with darker (c) and lighter (d) colouration, lateral view).
Figure 4 in Parasitoid complex associated with the flea weevil Orchestes alni L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Bulgaria and a review of host-parasitoid interactions of genus Orchestes Illiger
Figure 4. Eulophidae. Habitus of Closterocerus trifasciatus (a: female), Minotetrastichus platanellus (b: female), Pediobius saulius (c: female, d: male), Pnigalio agraules (e: female) and Pnigalio cf. nemati (f: female).
Figure 5 in Parasitoid complex associated with the flea weevil Orchestes alni L. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Bulgaria and a review of host-parasitoid interactions of genus Orchestes Illiger
Figure 5. Eulophidae and Eupelmidae. Habitus of Pnigalio cf. soemius (a: female), Tetrastichus miser (b: female), Tetrastichus cf. calmius (c: female), Eupelmus barai (d: female), Eupelmus confusus (e: male) and Eupelmus urozonus (f: female).
A cryptic host-parasitoid interaction reduces the impact of heatwaves on host populations
<p>This is a dataset accompanying the preprint of the same title. The experiment investigated how parasitoid infection affects the heat tolerance of host populations, and how this interactive effect is modulated by the availability of nutrients (dietary yeast).</p> <p> </p> <p>Abstract: Laboratory measures of thermal performances are widely used to predict the response of populations to climate change. However, such approaches rarely account for numerous stressors that organisms experience alongside a changing climate, such as interactions with consumers and food resources. Trophic interactions such as predation have been shown to stabilise prey populations during heatwaves. Parasitism not only greatly influences the demography as predation does, but also the physiological states of hosts. The extent to which parasitoid infection modifies the tolerance of host populations has not been addressed empirically. We hypothesised that parasitism would in contrast lower the heat tolerance of hosts, and that this negative effect would be more pronounced when nutrition was limited due to conflicts in resource allocation to different defensive processes. We, therefore, examined the independent and joint effects of an extreme temperature event, parasitism, and nutrition on the survival of three <em>Drosophila</em> hosts. Dietary yeast (a primary source of protein) had contrasting impacts on the ability of populations to withstand high temperatures and parasitoid infection. Past exposure to parasitoids stabilized host populations against heatwaves, regardless of their underlying susceptibility to parasitism. Particularly, parasitoid infection occurring on unsuitable hosts (no parasitoids successfully emerge from these hosts) also reduced the extent to which host abundances were decreased by heatwaves. Our results emphasize the context-dependency of heat tolerance which is crucial for predicting consumer-resource dynamics under climate change.</p>
Dynamics of a host-parasitoid interaction clarified by modelling and DNA sequencing
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Fig 8 from: Gudin FM, Campos LD, Redü DR, de Mello FAG (2024) Parasitoid flies (Diptera, Tachinidae) in true crickets (Orthoptera, Grylloidea): New host records from Brazil, identification key to parasitoids, and revision of host-parasitoid interactions. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 41-58. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.108456
Fig 8 Exoristoides johnsoni Coquillett, 1897 (Polideini), and Anisia gilvipes (Coquillett, 1897) (Blondeliini), deposited in CNC. A, B.Exoristoides johnsoni male, lateral and dorsal habitus, respectively; C, D.Exoristoides johnsoni female, lateral and dorsal habitus, respectively, with detail (c) of metathoracic spiracle; E, F.Anisia gilvipes male, lateral and dorsal habitus, respectively; G, H.Anisia gilvipes female, lateral and dorsal habitus, respectively. Images originally lacking scales.
Fig 7 from: Gudin FM, Campos LD, Redü DR, de Mello FAG (2024) Parasitoid flies (Diptera, Tachinidae) in true crickets (Orthoptera, Grylloidea): New host records from Brazil, identification key to parasitoids, and revision of host-parasitoid interactions. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 41-58. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.108456
Fig 7 Calodexia cf. venteris Curran, 1934a, reared from Guabamima lordelloi de Mello, 1993 (Phalangopsidae). A–C.Calodexia cf. venteris male, dorsal habitus, lateral habitus, and head in frontal view, respectively; D, E.Guabamima lordelloi holotype male, dorsal and lateral habitus, respectively; F, G.Guabamima lordelloi female, dorsal and lateral habitus, respectively. Scale bars: 2 mm (A–C); 5 mm (D–G).
Fig 6 from: Gudin FM, Campos LD, Redü DR, de Mello FAG (2024) Parasitoid flies (Diptera, Tachinidae) in true crickets (Orthoptera, Grylloidea): New host records from Brazil, identification key to parasitoids, and revision of host-parasitoid interactions. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 41-58. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.108456
Fig 6 Calodexia cf. insolita Curran, 1934b (Tachinidae), and Stylogaster Macquart, 1835 (Conopidae), reared from Pizacris Souza-Dias and Desutter-Grandcolas, 2015 (Phalangopsidae). A–C.Calodexia cf. insolita female, dorsal habitus, lateral habitus, and head in frontal view, respectively; D.Stylogaster female, lateral habitus; E, F.Pizacris male, dorsal and lateral habitus, respectively; G.Pizacris female, lateral habitus. Scale bars: 2 mm (A–D); 5 mm (E–G).
Fig 3 from: Gudin FM, Campos LD, Redü DR, de Mello FAG (2024) Parasitoid flies (Diptera, Tachinidae) in true crickets (Orthoptera, Grylloidea): New host records from Brazil, identification key to parasitoids, and revision of host-parasitoid interactions. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 41-58. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.108456
Fig 3 Calodexia cf. fasciata Curran, 1934a, reared from Eidmanacris Chopard, 1956 (Phalangopsidae). A–C.Calodexia cf. fasciata female, dorsal habitus, lateral habitus, and head in frontal view, respectively; D, E.Eidmanacris male, dorsal and lateral habitus, respectively; F, G.Eidmanacris female, dorsal and lateral habitus, respectively. Scale bars: 2 mm (A–C); 5 mm (D–G).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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