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FIG. 3 in Integrative taxonomy within the Hylomyscus denniae complex (Rodentia: Muridae) and a new species from Kenya

FIG. 3.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of crania of Hylomyscus: A) H. anselli (FMNH 171346; occipitonasal length [ONL] = 27.3 mm), a male from Mbizi Mountains, Tanzania; B) H. kerbispeterhansi, new species (FMNH 210017 [holotype]; ONL = 26.7 mm), a female from Mau Escarpment, Kenya; and C) H. endorobae (FMNH 209996; ONL = 27.87), a female from Mau Escarpment, Kenya.

FIG. 2 in Integrative taxonomy within the Hylomyscus denniae complex (Rodentia: Muridae) and a new species from Kenya

FIG. 2.—Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the cranium of Hylomyscus kerbispeterhansi, new species (holotype FMNH 210017).

FIG. 6 in Integrative taxonomy within the Hylomyscus denniae complex (Rodentia: Muridae) and a new species from Kenya

FIG. 6.—Cluster analysis based on Mahalanobis distances between taxa (left) and corrected cytochrome-b (Cytb) net between-taxa genetic distances (right). Both dendrograms recover the same topology and similar branch lengths based on independent morphometric and genetic data sets.

FIG. 8 in Integrative taxonomy within the Hylomyscus denniae complex (Rodentia: Muridae) and a new species from Kenya

FIG. 8.—Extended Bayesian skyline plot depicting changes in effective population size (Ne) over time before present based on mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome-b [Cytb]) and nuclear DNA intron (ABHD11-5, ACOX2, ACPT-4, GAD2-1, and JMJD) sequence data. The black center line indicates the median population size and the bounding gray lines indicate the 95% highest posterior density (HPD). Both taxa show recent population expansion, although expansion in Hylomyscus kerbispeterhansi commenced later than in H. endorobae. The present Ne of H. endorobae is inferred to be ~5 times larger than that of H. kerbispeterhansi.

FIG. 1 in Integrative taxonomy within the Hylomyscus denniae complex (Rodentia: Muridae) and a new species from Kenya

FIG. 1.—Map of the collecting localities for the specimens of Hylomyscus included in this study. Elevation indicated by gray shading as defined on map. See Appendix I for additional specimens examined for morphometric and molecular analyses.

FIG. 5 in Integrative taxonomy within the Hylomyscus denniae complex (Rodentia: Muridae) and a new species from Kenya

FIG. 5.—Scatter plot of canonical variates (CV) axes 1 and 2 depicting results of discriminant function analysis performed on 14 logtransformed craniodental measurements. Projection of individual specimen scores from 163 specimens assigned to 4 taxa is depicted according to the key in the plot. The 95% confidence limits for taxa are depicted by ellipses.

FIG. 7 in Integrative taxonomy within the Hylomyscus denniae complex (Rodentia: Muridae) and a new species from Kenya

FIG. 7.—Species tree inferred in *BEAST using multilocus sequence data for 7 species of Hylomyscus from the H. alleni, H. anselli, and H. denniae species groups (Carleton et al. 2006). Numbers above branches represent Bayesian posterior probability values and filled circles on nodes indicate speciation probabilities ± 0.99 for Bayesian species delimitation analysis in Bayesian Phylogenetics and Phylogeography (BPP).

FIG. 4 in Integrative taxonomy within the Hylomyscus denniae complex (Rodentia: Muridae) and a new species from Kenya

FIG. 4.—Scatter plot of principal component analysis (PCA) performed on 14 log-transformed craniodental measurements. The filled squares represent specimens of Hylomyscus anselli from the Mbizi Mts., Tanzania; the unfilled circles represent specimens of H. kerbispeterhansi from western Kenya; and the 3 asterisks (*) represent specimens from Bishop's (1979) type series of Praomys (Hylomyscus) denniae anselli from Zambia.

FIGURE 3 in Mitochondrial DNA and morphometrical identification of a new species of Hylomyscus (Rodentia: Muridae) from West Africa

FIGURE 3. Phylogeny recovered by the Bayesian analysis for the two genes (16S rDNA and Cyt b genes) combined. Values above nodes indicate posterior probabilities.

FIGURE 5 in Mitochondrial DNA and morphometrical identification of a new species of Hylomyscus (Rodentia: Muridae) from West Africa

FIGURE 5. Photographs of the dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the skull of the holotype of Hylomyscus pamfi, new species (MNHN CG 2010-663), and the lateral view of its left mandible.

FIGURE 2 in Mitochondrial DNA and morphometrical identification of a new species of Hylomyscus (Rodentia: Muridae) from West Africa

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree (ML) obtained for the 16S rDNA (left) and Cyt b (right) genes. Values above nodes indicate bootstrap support (ML analyses) and posterior probabilities (MCMC analyses).

FIGURE 4. A in Mitochondrial DNA and morphometrical identification of a new species of Hylomyscus (Rodentia: Muridae) from West Africa

FIGURE 4. A scatterplot of the 1st and 2nd canonical variates axes from a canonical variates analysis of 3 operational taxonomic units (Hylomyscus alleni, H. simus and H. nsp). Group centroids (dots) and extreme limit of each scatterplot of points are indicated. Ten specimens from Togo were plotted on the graph (black squares). Holotypes are represented by a cross.

FIGURE 1 in Mitochondrial DNA and morphometrical identification of a new species of Hylomyscus (Rodentia: Muridae) from West Africa

FIGURE 1. Schematic drawings of a skull of Hylomyscus (dorsal, ventral, and lateral views, and mandible) showing the landmark points for the 23 craniodental measurements recorded in this study (see ''Materials and Methods'' for the definition of these measurements)

FIGURE 6 in Mitochondrial DNA and morphometrical identification of a new species of Hylomyscus (Rodentia: Muridae) from West Africa

FIGURE 6. Collecting localities of Hylomyscus pamfi positively identified by molecular data (black dots) or by morphometrical data (grey square). Forests are in light grey on the general map (adapted from Mayaux et al., 2004).

FIGURE 5 in A new species of the rodent genus Hylomyscus from Angola, with a distributional summary of the H. anselli species group (Muridae: Murinae: Praomyini)

FIGURE 5. Dorsal (left set) and ventral (right set) views of adult round skins (about 0.5 ×), illustrating typical pelage patterns of the three species of the Hylomyscus anselli group discussed herein: AA′, H. arcimontensis (FMNH 151244), a male from 12.5 km NW Korogwe, Tanga Region, West Usambara Mts, 1300 m, Tanzania; BB′, H. heinrichorum (FMNH 83796, holotype), new species, a male from "High mountain region" of Mt. Moco, Provincia Huambo, Angola; CC′, H. anselli (FMNH 171353), a male from 0.5 km S and 3 km E Wipanga, Mbizi FR, Mbizi Mts, Rukwa Region, 2300 m, Tanzania. Total length of each skin, as measured in the field, = 245 mm, but lengths of the prepared skin as photographed appear different due to the circumstances of individual preparation and drying conditions.

FIGURE 8 in A new species of the rodent genus Hylomyscus from Angola, with a distributional summary of the H. anselli species group (Muridae: Murinae: Praomyini)

FIGURE 8. Camp site labeled as Mount Moco, which we believe represents the "High mountain region" visited by Gerd and Hildegarde Heinrich in Sep–Oct 1954. Their camp is located amidst a variety of habitats, including an appreciable stand of tall, multi-strata forest pictured in the background. This forest may correspond to the "Evergreen wood" where the Heinrichs obtained the sample of small, long-tailed murine that we here describe as Hylomyscus heinrichorum, new species. Photograph by Hildegarde Heinrich; reproduced with permission of Bernd Heinrich.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of the rodent genus Hylomyscus from Angola, with a distributional summary of the H. anselli species group (Muridae: Murinae: Praomyini)

FIGURE 1. Results of discriminant function analysis performed on 16 log-transformed craniodental variables, as measured on 175 intact adult specimens representing 10 OTUs of the Hylomyscus anselli species group. A) Projection of OTU centroids onto first two canonical variates (CV) extracted (see Table 1 for variable loadings). Polygons enclose maximal dispersion of individual specimen scores around each group centroid; half-filled circles indicate the scores of the three Zambian specimens from the type series of anselli Bishop (1979), which were entered as unknowns. B) Cluster diagram (UPGMA) based on average Mahalanobis distances between the 10 OTU centroids as derived from discriminant function analysis (coefficient of cophenetic correlation = 0.934). Bootstrapping values are indicated for all nodes (1000 iterations); mountain system and OTU identifier are indicated for each terminal OTU, along with species recognized herein at those stems that subtend major geographic associations.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of the rodent genus Hylomyscus from Angola, with a distributional summary of the H. anselli species group (Muridae: Murinae: Praomyini)

FIGURE 4. Distributions of species representing the Hylomyscus anselli and H. denniae groups and their relation to principal mountainous systems of central Africa. Localities of the H. anselli group are based on specimens documented herein and by Ansell (1957, 1978), Carleton & Stanley (2005), and Carleton et al. (2006); see Demos et al. (2014) for additional localities of H. kerbispeterhansi. Localities of the H. denniae group are based on specimens previously reported by Carleton et al. (2006).

FIGURE 7 in A new species of the rodent genus Hylomyscus from Angola, with a distributional summary of the H. anselli species group (Muridae: Murinae: Praomyini)

FIGURE 7. Lateral views (ca. 4.25 ×) of adult crania of the same specimens portrayed in Fig. 6: A, H. arcimontensis; B, H. heinrichorum, new species; C, H. anselli.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of the rodent genus Hylomyscus from Angola, with a distributional summary of the H. anselli species group (Muridae: Murinae: Praomyini)

FIGURE 3. Morphometric comparisons of the Angolan sample with Hylomyscus kerbispeterhansi based on analyses of 16 logtransformed craniodental variables; selected representatives of related species were included to provide multivariate context (see Material and Methods for variable abbreviations and Table 5 for variable loadings). A) Scatterplot of OTU centroids for the first two canonical variates (CV) extracted from six-group discriminant function analysis (H. anselli, N = 12; H. arcimontensis, N = 55—OTUs 3, 6, and 8; H. kerbispeterhansi, N = 6; Angolan sample, N = 13). Irregular polygons circumscribe maximal dispersion of specimen scores around an OTU centroid. B) Scatterplot of individual scores for the first two principal components (PC) extracted from ordination of specimens representing H. arcimontensis (OTU 3, N = 23), H. kerbispeterhansi (N = 6), and the Angolan sample (N = 13). Major axes of the species constellations and 1 SD confidence ellipses around the sample centroid are indicated (see text for discussion).