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Fig. 8 in New biological data for two rare reedfrog species, Hyperolius nimbae Laurent, 1958, and H. chlorosteus (Boulenger, 1915) (Anura: Hyperoliidae)

Fig. 8. Number of Hyperolius chlorosteus captured from 2 August 2019 to 8 July 2020 along lowland forest streams at Mount Nimba.

Fig. 6 in New biological data for two rare reedfrog species, Hyperolius nimbae Laurent, 1958, and H. chlorosteus (Boulenger, 1915) (Anura: Hyperoliidae)

Fig. 6. (A) Hyperolius nimbae usually calls perched between branches and leaves of trees. (B) Waveform (above), spectogram (center), and powerspectrogram (below) of the advertisement calls of a H. nimbae male from Yéalé, western Ivory Coast.

Fig. 2 in New biological data for two rare reedfrog species, Hyperolius nimbae Laurent, 1958, and H. chlorosteus (Boulenger, 1915) (Anura: Hyperoliidae)

Fig. 2. Habitats of Hyperolius nimbae at the foothills of the Ivorian part of the Nimba Mountains. In Yéalé, the species was found in heavily degraded habitats at the edge of large swamps.

Fig. 4 in New biological data for two rare reedfrog species, Hyperolius nimbae Laurent, 1958, and H. chlorosteus (Boulenger, 1915) (Anura: Hyperoliidae)

Fig. 4. Dorsolateral views of the Hyperolius nimbae female (A) and males (B–H) from Yéalé, western Ivory Coast. Note the variation in coloration.

Fig. 7 in New biological data for two rare reedfrog species, Hyperolius nimbae Laurent, 1958, and H. chlorosteus (Boulenger, 1915) (Anura: Hyperoliidae)

Fig. 7. (A–B) Typical forest streams in the Mount Nimba Integrated Nature Reserve where Hyperolius chlorosteus breeds. A calling male (C), a female (D), a couple in amplexus (E), and their clutch (F) which was deposited on a leaf above a forest stream.

Fig. 1 in New biological data for two rare reedfrog species, Hyperolius nimbae Laurent, 1958, and H. chlorosteus (Boulenger, 1915) (Anura: Hyperoliidae)

Fig. 1. Geographical location of the Mount Nimba Integrated Nature Reserve within the westernmost extension of Ivory Coast at the border crossing point with Guinea and Liberia. The altered forest area where Hyperolius nimbae and H. chlorosteus were found at Yéalé is represented by a purple star; the habitats of H. chlorosteus ranged from dense, broadleaf and evergreen forests from lower to mid-elevations (yellow star). The inset figure indicates the location of Ivory Coast (green patch) on the African continent.

Fig. 5 in New biological data for two rare reedfrog species, Hyperolius nimbae Laurent, 1958, and H. chlorosteus (Boulenger, 1915) (Anura: Hyperoliidae)

Fig. 5. Ventral views of Hyperolius nimbae males (A and B) and female (C) adults, and the eggs (D) from Yéalé, western Ivory Coast.

Fig. 10 in New biological data for two rare reedfrog species, Hyperolius nimbae Laurent, 1958, and H. chlorosteus (Boulenger, 1915) (Anura: Hyperoliidae)

Fig. 10. Calling male of Hyperolius chlorosteus (A) with (B) waveform (above), spectogram (centre) and powerspectrogram (below), of the species' advertisement call, from Mount Nimba Integrated Nature Reserve. Note that the data for five calls are shown.

Fig. 3 in New biological data for two rare reedfrog species, Hyperolius nimbae Laurent, 1958, and H. chlorosteus (Boulenger, 1915) (Anura: Hyperoliidae)

Fig. 3. Number of Hyperolius nimbae individuals recorded from 2 August 2019 to 8 July 2020 at Yéalé.

Fig. 9 in New biological data for two rare reedfrog species, Hyperolius nimbae Laurent, 1958, and H. chlorosteus (Boulenger, 1915) (Anura: Hyperoliidae)

Fig. 9. Variation of color pattern of Hyperolius chlorosteus from Mount Nimba Integrated Nature Reserve, western Ivory Coast.

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Macroevolutionary patterns of sexual size dimorphism among African tree frogs (Family: Hyperoliidae)

<p>Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is shaped by multiple selective forces that drive the evolution of sex-specific body size, resulting in male or female-biased SSD. Stronger selection on one sex can result in an allometric body-size scaling relationship consistent with Rensch's rule or its converse. Anurans (frogs and toads) generally display female-biased SSD, but there is variation across clades and the mechanisms driving the evolution of SSD remain poorly understood. We investigated these topics in a diverse family of African treefrogs (Hyperoliidae). Hyperoliids display traits considered rare among amphibians, including sexual dichromatism and protogynous sex change. Using phylogenetic comparative methods, we tested if adult ecology, sexual dichromatism, and sex change were predictors of body size or SSD. We also tested whether hyperoliids displayed allometric interspecific body-size-scaling relationships. We found a majority of hyperoliid taxa display female-biased SSD, but that adult ecology and sexual dichromatism are poor predictors of sex-specific body size and SSD. Regardless of the groupings analyzed (partitioned by clades or traits), we found support for isometric body-size scaling. However, we found that sex change is a significant predictor of SSD variation. Species in the <i>Hyperolius viridiflavus </i>complex, which putatively display this trait, show a significant reduction in SSD and tend to be sexually monomorphic in size. Although protogynous sex change needs to be validated for several of these species, we tentatively propose this trait is a novel mechanism influencing anuran body size evolution. Beyond this association, additional factors that shape the evolution of anuran body size and SSD remain elusive.</p>

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Macroevolutionary patterns of sexual size dimorphism among African tree frogs (Family: Hyperoliidae)

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FIGURE 3 in Description of tadpoles of the frogs Heterixalus tricolor, H. carbonei and H luteostriatus (Anura: Hyperoliidae) from western Madagascar

FIGURE 3. Tadpole of Heterixalus luteostriatus in (A) the lateral and (B) the dorsal view, its oral disc (C) under the scanning electron microscope, (D) labial teeth from P1.

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FIGURE 1 in Description of tadpoles of the frogs Heterixalus tricolor, H. carbonei and H luteostriatus (Anura: Hyperoliidae) from western Madagascar

FIGURE 1. Tadpole of Heterixalus tricolor in (A) the lateral and (B) the dorsal view, its oral disc (C) under the scanning electron microscope, (D) labial teeth from P1.

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Data from: Phylogeography of the reed frog Hyperolius castaneus (Anura: Hyperoliidae) from the Albertine Rift of Central Africa: implications for taxonomy, biogeography and conservation

We examine the systematics of multiple populations of the Albertine Rift endemic amphibian Hyperolius castaneus, which currently incorporates four subspecies. Standard morphometric data were analyzed with principal components analyses and analyses of covariance. Phylogenetic analyses of two mitochondrial (16S, cyt b) and one nuclear (RAG1) genes were analyzed from 41 samples representing three subspecies. Results indicated some significant morphometric differences between the nominate subspecies H. c. castaneus and the Itombwe Plateau subspecies H. c. constellatus, and phylogenetic analyses of molecular data recovered these taxa as reciprocally monophyletic groups. We recognize these two allopatric populations as recently diverged, but distinct species, H. castaneus and H. constellatus. The subspecies H. c. submarginatus from the Kabobo Plateau is transferred to the synonymy of H. constellatus, but the status of the unsampled subspecies H. c. rhodogaster, described from mid-elevations of the western Itombwe Plateau, remains problematic. The phylogeographic pattern of our study resembles some, but not all, Albertine Rift vertebrates that have been examined with molecular data. Hyperolius constellatus is restricted to the Itombwe and Kabobo plateaus, which are of special conservation concern because of high levels of amphibian diversity and endemism, and multiple threats from deforestation, mining activities and road construction.

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FIGURE 9 in A new tree-frog genus and species from Ivory Coast, West Africa (Amphibia: Anura: Hyperoliidae)

FIGURE 9. NJ, ML, MP and Bayesian trees based on 1324 bp of partial sequences of 16S, 12S and cyt b for various hyperoliid genera with Leptopelis, Astylosternus, Boophis and Mantidactylus as outgroups; only support values ≥70% in NJ, MP and ML trees and ≥95% in the Bayesian tree are shown; support values in the ML tree refer to 100 bootstrap replicates (above) and 100,000 puzzle steps (below), respectively

FIGURE 7 in A new tree-frog genus and species from Ivory Coast, West Africa (Amphibia: Anura: Hyperoliidae)

FIGURE 7. Sonogram and waveform of advertisement calls of Morerella cyanophthalma sp. nov. White noise in basic frequencies is due to the noise of the climate chamber where the frogs were kept.

FIGURE 4 in A new tree-frog genus and species from Ivory Coast, West Africa (Amphibia: Anura: Hyperoliidae)

FIGURE 4. Volume rendering of X-ray microtomography of a male Morerella cyanophthalma sp. nov. skull (MNHG 3121-36) in dorsal (a), ventral (b), lateral (c), anterior (d) and posterior view (e).

FIGURE 6 in A new tree-frog genus and species from Ivory Coast, West Africa (Amphibia: Anura: Hyperoliidae)

FIGURE 6. Pectoral girdle and vertebral column of adult male Morerella cyanophthalma sp. nov. Pectoral apparati of SMNS 11940 (a: drawing after clearing and staining) and MNHG 3121-36 (b: scan). Vertebral column (scan of MHNG 3121-36) in dorsal (c) and ventral (d) view. CL = clavicle, CO = coracoid, ECO = epicoracoid, OM = omnosternum, ST = sternum; scale bar = 1mm.

FIGURE 3 in A new tree-frog genus and species from Ivory Coast, West Africa (Amphibia: Anura: Hyperoliidae)

FIGURE 3. Life adult female (above) and males (below) Morerella cyanophthalma sp. nov. from Banco National Park, Ivory Coast (top and bottom right: photo by Dieter Mahsberg).