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Fig. 4 in Unusual theropod eggshells from the Early Cretaceous Blesa Formation of the Iberian Range, Spain

Fig. 4. Variations in outer surface ornamentation of prismatoolithid therapod eggshell Trigonoolithus amoae oogen. et oosp. nov. from La Cantalera 1 site, Early Barremian. Eggshells showing triangular (A–C) and rounded ornamentation (D–F). Pristine eggshells showing well-preserved ornamentation (A, D). Lightly eroded eggshells showing degradation (B, E). Eroded eggshells showing coalescence of triangles (C, F). A. MPZ 2012/740. B. MPZ 2012/742. C. MPZ 2012/743. D. MPZ 2012/731. E. MPZ 2012/729. F. MPZ 2012/728. Scale bar 1000 μm.

Fig. 5 in Unusual theropod eggshells from the Early Cretaceous Blesa Formation of the Iberian Range, Spain

Fig. 5. Strict consensus trees showing the hypothesized phylogenetic position of Trigonoolithus amoe oogen. et oosp. nov. from La Cantalera 1 site, Early Barremian. A. Matrix of Varricchio and Jackson (2004). Strict consensus of six equally parsimonious trees of 38 steps was recovered (C.I. 0.737; R.I. 0.853; R.C. 0.629). B. Matrix of Grellet-Tinner and Makovicky (2006). Strict consensus tree of three equally most parsimonious trees of 36 steps (C.I. 0.750; R.I. 0.852; R.C. 0.639). C. Matrix of Zelenitsky and Therrien (2008b). Most parsimonious tree of 18 steps (C.I. 1.000; R.I. 1.000; R.C.1.000). D. LópezMartínez and Vicens (2012) version of the dataset: a new analysis of Prismatoolithidae using the matrix of Zelenitsky and Therrien (2008) and adding the new oogenus Sankofa and the Patagonian eggs of Bajo de la Carpa (Schweitzer et al. 2002). Strict consensus of seven equally parsimonious trees of 19 steps (C.I. 0.947; R.I. 0.958; R.C. 0.907). All trees show Trigonoolithus placed in polytomy or at the base of the "Prismatoolithidae+avian eggs" clade.

Fig. 1 in Unusual theropod eggshells from the Early Cretaceous Blesa Formation of the Iberian Range, Spain

Fig. 1. Geographical and geological location of the site of La Cantalera 1 (early Barremian, Teruel, Spain), modified from Canudo et al. (2010). A. Simplified geological map of the Iberian Peninsula. B. Palaeogeographic subbasins (Ol, Oliete; Pa, Las Parras; Ga, Galve; Mo, Morella; Pe, Perelló; Sa, Salzedella; Pg, Peñagolosa) within the Maestrazgo Basin and active faults during Early Cretaceous sedimentation, modified from Salas et al. (2001). C. Detailed location of the La Cantalera site near the village of Josa, Teruel. D. Geological map of the La Cantalera area with the local geological units.

Fig. 3 in Unusual theropod eggshells from the Early Cretaceous Blesa Formation of the Iberian Range, Spain

Fig. 3. Thin-sections of prismatoolithid therapod eggshell Trigonoolithus amoae oogen. et oosp. nov. from La Cantalera 1 site, Early Barremian. A. MPZ 2012/856, light microphotograph. B. MPZ 2012/862, light microphotograph (B 1), microphotograph showing eggshell under cross-polars (B 2). C. MPZ2012/850, cathodoluminescence image showing dark blue luminescence except for some orange tones in the mammillary layer, probably due to the high amount of organic matter in this area. Scale bars 500 μm.

FIGURE 10 in Restoration of two Carabidae (Coleoptera) species from the Sistema Ibérico Ranges (North-Central Iberian Peninsula): Nebria (Nebria) urbionensis Arribas 1991 and Zabrus (Iberozabrus) cameranus Arribas, 1994, bonae species

FIGURE 10. Three Nebria specimens (coll OA) from Sierra de Béjar labelled as collected by J.P. Zaballos in El Calvitero (2400 m) all the same day (28-8-83): A) latero-dorsal view photography; B) dorsal view photography. The middle specimen is a N. (N.) vuillefroyi, but is mounted and labelled in a totally different material that the other two specimens (true N. pazi). This is probably a mislabeled specimen, similar to any others that reach Ledoux & Roux and give birth to the erroneous reference of N. (N.) vuillefroyi in Béjar. Only N. (N.) pazi has been collected in the high summits of Béjar and Gredos.

FIGURE 9 in Restoration of two Carabidae (Coleoptera) species from the Sistema Ibérico Ranges (North-Central Iberian Peninsula): Nebria (Nebria) urbionensis Arribas 1991 and Zabrus (Iberozabrus) cameranus Arribas, 1994, bonae species

FIGURE 9. Phylogenetic Tree showing the position of the Zabrus (Iberozabrus) cameranus (403 bp.) sequenced in this study and 30 Zabrus sequences, with Amara aenea as outgroup, downloaded from GenBank (numbers in the tree are the GenBank ones). Phylogenetic analyses were performed with maximum-Likelihood (ML) in RAxML v.7.4.2 (Stamatakis, 2006) as implemented in RAxML-GUI v.1.3 (Silvestro & Michalak, 2012). The ML tree was inferred with the GTR+G model of sequence evolution and 100 random addition replicates. Nodal support was assessed with 1,000 bootstrap replicates. Only bootstrap values superior to 70 are indicated. Zabrus (I.) cameranus is supported by a bootstrap value of 78 % as outgroup of the Z. (I.) laurae and Z. (I.) seidlitzi clade.

FIGURE 8 in Restoration of two Carabidae (Coleoptera) species from the Sistema Ibérico Ranges (North-Central Iberian Peninsula): Nebria (Nebria) urbionensis Arribas 1991 and Zabrus (Iberozabrus) cameranus Arribas, 1994, bonae species

FIGURE 8. Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) plot of the biometrical characteristics of the three Zabrus species studied: Z. (I.) cameranus from Sierra de Cameros, Z. (I.) laurae from Sierra de Ayllón, and Z. (I.) seidlitzi seidlitzi from Sierra de Guadarrama. See text for explanation of the results. An "X" inside each polygon represents the centroid; that is, a hypothetical middle individual of each sample.

FIGURE 7 in Restoration of two Carabidae (Coleoptera) species from the Sistema Ibérico Ranges (North-Central Iberian Peninsula): Nebria (Nebria) urbionensis Arribas 1991 and Zabrus (Iberozabrus) cameranus Arribas, 1994, bonae species

FIGURE 7. Internal female genitalia (A, B and C) and detail of the distal section of the villosus duct (B and C): A) Zabrus (Iberozabrus) seidlitzi seidlitzi, from Ortuño et al. (2003); B) Zabrus (Iberozabrus) laurae from Pico Tres Provincias; C) Zabrus (Iberozabrus) cameranus from Ortigosa de Cameros (paratype).

FIGURE 4 in Restoration of two Carabidae (Coleoptera) species from the Sistema Ibérico Ranges (North-Central Iberian Peninsula): Nebria (Nebria) urbionensis Arribas 1991 and Zabrus (Iberozabrus) cameranus Arribas, 1994, bonae species

FIGURE 4. Male genitalia of Nebria (Nebria) vuillefroyi from Collado de Valdemartín (A–D) and Nebria (Nebria) urbionensis from Pico de Urbión (E–H): A, E) median lobe in left lateral view (evaginated internal sac); B, F) apex of the median lobe in dorsal view; C, G) left paramere in left lateral view; D, H) right paramere in right lateral view.

FIGURE 6 in Restoration of two Carabidae (Coleoptera) species from the Sistema Ibérico Ranges (North-Central Iberian Peninsula): Nebria (Nebria) urbionensis Arribas 1991 and Zabrus (Iberozabrus) cameranus Arribas, 1994, bonae species

FIGURE 6. Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) plot of the biometrical characteristics of the three Nebria samples studied: N. (N.) vuillefroyi from Sierra de Guadarrama and from Sierra de Ayllón, and N. (N.) urbionensis from Sierra de Urbión. See text for explanation of the results. An "X" inside each polygon represents the centroid; that is, a hypothetical middle individual of each sample.

FIGURE 5 in Restoration of two Carabidae (Coleoptera) species from the Sistema Ibérico Ranges (North-Central Iberian Peninsula): Nebria (Nebria) urbionensis Arribas 1991 and Zabrus (Iberozabrus) cameranus Arribas, 1994, bonae species

FIGURE 5. Female genitalia of Nebria (Nebria) vuillefroyi (A: from La Gelecha-La Flecha; C: from Collado Valdemartín; D: from Arroyo Seco) and Nebria (Nebria) urbionensis (B and E: from Pico de Urbión). A–B) External and internal genitalia (scale bar: 0.5 mm); C–E) detail of the helmintoid sclerite (scale bar: 0.2 mm).

FIGURE 3 in Restoration of two Carabidae (Coleoptera) species from the Sistema Ibérico Ranges (North-Central Iberian Peninsula): Nebria (Nebria) urbionensis Arribas 1991 and Zabrus (Iberozabrus) cameranus Arribas, 1994, bonae species

FIGURE 3. Schematic habitus (omitting legs and antennae) in dorsal view: A) Nebria (Nebria) vuillefroyi from Collado de Valdemartín, and B) Nebria (Nebria) urbionensis from Pico de Urbión.

FIGURE 2. A in Restoration of two Carabidae (Coleoptera) species from the Sistema Ibérico Ranges (North-Central Iberian Peninsula): Nebria (Nebria) urbionensis Arribas 1991 and Zabrus (Iberozabrus) cameranus Arribas, 1994, bonae species

FIGURE 2. A) Nebria outline with the studied measurements (see text). B) Pronotum of Nebria, illustrating DMS [length of the medial discal sulcus of pronotum]. C) Pronotum of Zabrus illustrating AAW [length of the anterior angles protruding from the level of the pronotum flange] and PAW [width of the lateral flat flange at the posterior angles].

FIGURE 1. A in Restoration of two Carabidae (Coleoptera) species from the Sistema Ibérico Ranges (North-Central Iberian Peninsula): Nebria (Nebria) urbionensis Arribas 1991 and Zabrus (Iberozabrus) cameranus Arribas, 1994, bonae species

FIGURE 1. A) Relief map of the northern half of the Iberian Peninsula showing main orographic elements. B) Distribution of Nebria (Nebria) vuillefroyi and Nebria (Nebria) urbionensis. C) Distribution of Zabrus (Iberozabrus) seidlitzi, Zabrus (Iberozabrus) laurae and Zabrus (Iberozabrus) cameranus. Each point corresponds to a UTM coordinate of 10 x 10 km.

opennotspecifiedAug 2011View details →

Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest. in Suidae

Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest.

opennotspecifiedOct 2019View details →

Distribution. Widespread in Mediterranean Basin from Iberian Peninsula and associated Is E through S Europe to Balkans, Caucasus, and Middle East; in North Africa in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt as far S as S Sinai; from Middle East, range continues patchily E into regions surrounding Black and Caspian seas, including Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, SE Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan, and then finally in two isolated populations in E Nepal and N Myanmar; also Canary Is. in Molossidae

Distribution. Widespread in Mediterranean Basin from Iberian Peninsula and associated Is E through S Europe to Balkans, Caucasus, and Middle East; in North Africa in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt as far S as S Sinai; from Middle East, range continues patchily E into regions surrounding Black and Caspian seas, including Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, SE Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Afghanistan, and then finally in two isolated populations in E Nepal and N Myanmar; also Canary Is.