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875 results for “Infestation”
Detection Histories for Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Infestations at Cadwell Forest in Pelham MA 2008
Monitoring programs increasingly are used to document the spread of invasive species in the hope of detecting and eradicating low-density infestations before they become established. However, interobserver variation in the detection and correct identification of low-density populations of invasive species remains largely unexplored. In this study, we compare the abilities of volunteer and experienced individuals to detect low-density populations of an actively spreading invasive species and we explore how interobserver variation can bias estimates of the proportion of sites infested derived from occupancy models that allow for both false negative and false positive (misclassification) errors. We found that experienced individuals detected small infestations at sites where volunteers failed to find infestations. However, occupancy models erroneously suggested that experienced observers had a higher probability of falsely detecting the species as present than did volunteers. This unexpected finding is an artifact of the modeling framework and results from a failure of volunteers to detect low-density infestations rather than from false positive errors by experienced observers. Our findings reveal a potential issue with site occupancy models that can arise when volunteer and experienced observers are used together in surveys.
Root symbionts alter the volatile profile of herbivore-infested tomato plants and aid the attraction of a predator
<p>Beneficial root microbes are among the most frequently used biocontrol agents in cropping systems, since they have been shown to promote plant growth and crop yield. Moreover, they are able to enhance protection against pathogens and insect herbivores by activating plant resistance mechanisms. Plant defense responses against herbivorous insects include the induction of metabolic pathways involved in the synthesis of defense-related metabolites. These metabolites include volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which attract natural enemies of the herbivores as a form of indirect resistance. Considering that beneficial root microbes may affect direct herbivore resistance, we hypothesized that also indirect resistance may be affected. We tested this hypothesis in a study system composed of tomato, the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus <em>Rhizophagus irregularis</em>, the growth-promoting fungus <em>Trichoderma harzianum</em>, the generalist chewing herbivore <em>Spodoptera exigua </em>and the omnivorous predator<em> Macrolophus pygmaeus</em>. Using a Y-tube olfactometer we found that <em>M. pygmaeus</em> preferred plants with <em>S. exigua </em>herbivory, but microbe-inoculated plants more than non-inoculated ones. We used a targeted GC-MS approach to assess the impact of beneficial microbes on the emission of volatiles twenty-four hours after herbivory to explain the choice of <em>M. pygmaeus</em>. We observed that the volatile composition of the herbivore-infested plants differed from that of the non-infested plants, which was driven by the higher emission of green leaf volatile compounds, methyl salicylate, and several monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Inoculation with microbes had only a marginal effect on the emission of some terpenoids in our experiment. Gene expression analysis showed that the marker genes involved in the jasmonic and salicylic acid pathways were differentially expressed in the microbe-inoculated plants after herbivory. Our results pinpoint the role of root symbionts in determining plant-microbe-insect interactions up to the third trophic level, and elucidates their potential to be used in plant protection.</p>
Figure 2 in Factors influencing the level of infestation of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) on Lacerta agilis and Zootoca vivipara (Squamata: Lacertidae)
Figure 2 Mean number (± SE) of ticks per body size class (I to IV), and sex-age category (juv: juvenile; F: female, M: male), found in (A) transformed conditions and (B) natural conditions.
Figure 1 in Factors influencing the level of infestation of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) on Lacerta agilis and Zootoca vivipara (Squamata: Lacertidae)
Figure 1 Mean number (± SE) of ticks per body size class (I to IV) and Sex-age category (juv: juvenile; F: female, M: male), found on (A) Zootoca viviparaand (B)Lacerta agilis.
Figure 3 in Factors influencing the level of infestation of Ixodes ricinus (Acari: Ixodidae) on Lacerta agilis and Zootoca vivipara (Squamata: Lacertidae)
Figure 3 Mean number of ticks found on different locations on the lizards bodies (± standard errors).
FIGURES 1 – 8. Lopheucoila anastrephae. 1 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations
FIGURES 1 – 8. Lopheucoila anastrephae. 1. Head, anterior view (183 x, 100 m); 2. Female antenna (58 x, 250 m); 3. Flagellomerous 1 and 2 of male (170 x, 100 m); 4. Pronotal plate (160 x, 100 m); 5. Head, mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (74 x, 250 m); 6. Mesosoma, dorsal view (172 x, 100 m); 7. Forewing (10 x, 0,5 mm); 8. Metacoxa (163 x, 100 m).
FIGURES 9 – 15. Tropideucoila weldi. 9 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations
FIGURES 9 – 15. Tropideucoila weldi. 9. Head, anterior view (228 x, 100 m); 10. Female antenna (179 x, 100 m); 11. Pronotal plate (391 x, 20 m); 12. Mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (168 x, 100 m); 13. Head and mesosoma, dorsal view (215 x, 100 m); 14. Forewing (10 x, 0,25 mm); 15. Metacoxa (261 x, 100 m).
FIGURES 40 – 47. Trybliographa infuscata. 40 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations
FIGURES 40 – 47. Trybliographa infuscata. 40. Head, anterior view (218 x, 100 m); 41. Female antenna (109 x, 100 m); 42. Flagellomerous 1 and 2 of male (182 x, 100 m); 43. Pronotal plate (568 x, 20 m); 44. Mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (161 x, 100 m); 45. Mesosoma, dorsal view (193 x, 100 m); 46. Forewing (10 x, 0,5 mm); 47. Metacoxa (161 x, 100 m).
FIGURES 32 39. A g anaspis pelleranoi. 32 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations
FIGURES 32 39. A g anaspis pelleranoi. 32. Head, anterior view (170 x, 100 m); 33. Female antenna (97 x, 100 m); 34. Flagellomerous 1 and 2 of male (130 x, 100 m); 35. Pronotal plate (288 x, 100 m); 36. Head, mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (48 x, 250 m); 37. Mesosoma, dorsal view (64 x, 250 m); 38. Forewing (10 x, 0,5 mm); 39. Metacoxa (163 x, 100 m).
FIGURES 24 – 31. Odontosema anastrephae. 24 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations
FIGURES 24 – 31. Odontosema anastrephae. 24. Head, anterior view (201 x, 100 m); 25. Female antenna (135 x, 100 m); 26. Flagellomerous 1 and 2 of male (145 x, 100 m); 27. Pronotal plate (130 x, 100 m); 28. Head, mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (37 x, 250 m); 29. Mesosoma, dorsal view (68 x, 250 m); 30. Forewing (10 x, 0,5 mm); 31. Metacoxa (84 x, 100 m).
FIGURES 16 – 23. Dicerataspis grenadensis. 16 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations
FIGURES 16 – 23. Dicerataspis grenadensis. 16. Head, anterior view (140 x, 100 m); 17. Female antenna (204 x, 100 m); 18. Flagellomerous 1 and 2 of male (280 x, 100 m); 19. Pronotal plate (366 x, 20 m); 20. Head, mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (120 x, 100 m); 21. Mesosoma, dorsal view (130 x, 100 m); 22. Forewing (10 x, 0,5 mm); 23. Metacoxa (130 x, 100 m).
FIGURES 56 – 63. Leptopilina boulardi. 56 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations
FIGURES 56 – 63. Leptopilina boulardi. 56. Head, anterior view (407 x, 20 m); 57. Female antenna (309 x, 20 m); 58. Flagellomerous 1 and 2 of male (267 x, 20 m); 59. Pronotal plate (790 x, 20 m); 60. Head, mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (100 x, 100 m); 61. Mesosoma, dorsal view (335 x, 20 m); 62. Forewing (10 x, 0.14 mm); 63. Metacoxa (230 x, 100 m).
FIGURES 48 – 55. Aganaspis nordlanderi. 48 in Eucoilinae species (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae) parasitoids of fruitinfesting dipterous larvae in Brazil: identity, geographical distribution and host associations
FIGURES 48 – 55. Aganaspis nordlanderi. 48. Head, anterior view (174 x, 100 m); 49. Female antenna (66 x, 250 m); 50. Flagellomerous 1 and 2 of male (84 x, 100 m); 51. Pronotal plate (105 x, 100 m); 52, Head, mesosoma and anterior part of metasoma, lateral view (35 x, 500 m); 53. Mesosoma, dorsal view (74 x, 250 m); 54. Forewing (10 x, 0,5 mm); 55. Metacoxa (120 x, 100 m).
FIGURES 32 – 39 in Parasitic copepods infesting the olfactory sacs of skates from the southwestern Atlantic with the description of a new species of Kroeyerina Wilson, 1932
FIGURES 32 – 39. Kroeyerina sudamericana sp. nov. SEM micrographs (adult female). 32, general habitus, ventral; 33, caudal rami; 34, detail of distal armature of caudal ramus; 35, fifth leg; 36, rostral processes; 37, mouth tube and maxillules; 38, maxilla; 39, maxilliped. Scale bars: 32 = 500 µm; 33, 37, 39 = 50 µm; 34 – 36 = 10 µm; 38 = 20 µm.
FIGURES 48 – 56. Brianella corniger Wilson, 1915 in Parasitic copepods infesting the olfactory sacs of skates from the southwestern Atlantic with the description of a new species of Kroeyerina Wilson, 1932
FIGURES 48 – 56. Brianella corniger Wilson, 1915. SEM micrographs (female). 48, tip of cephalothorax (oral region), ventral; 49, tip of antennule; 50, antenna (arrows indicate the three naked setae); 51, maxillule; 52, mouth tube, with tips of mandibles inside, 53; fused tip of maxillae and origin of the two processes of the attachment organ (distal portion of maxillae); 54, detail of vestigial bulla; 55, attachment organ; 56, attachment organ (dissected from base) showing asymmetric branching. Scale bars: 48, 54 = 50 µm; 49, 52 = 10 µm; 50 – 51 = 20 µm; 53 = 200 µm; 55 – 56 = 1 mm.
FIGURES 40 – 47 in Parasitic copepods infesting the olfactory sacs of skates from the southwestern Atlantic with the description of a new species of Kroeyerina Wilson, 1932
FIGURES 40 – 47. Kroeyerina sudamericana sp. nov. SEM micrographs (adult male). 40, general habitus, ventral; 41, caudal rami; 42, detail of distal armature of caudal rami; 43, spinulation in lateral fields of genital complex; 44, rostral processes; 45, antenna; 46, mouth tube and maxilla; 47, maxilliped. Scale bars: 40 = 200 µm; 41 = 50 µm; 42 – 44 = 10 µm; 45 – 47 = 20 µm.
Figure 1 in A massive infestation of the long-legged buzzard, Buteo rufinus (Cretzschmar), by Hyalomma marginatum Koch (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks in Türkiye
Figure 1. The long-legged buzzard, Buteo rufinus, presents massive infestation by nymphs of Hyalomma marginatum ticks.
Figure 2 in Susceptibility of the sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to the infestation of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and the different insect pests under greenhouse conditions in Ismailia, Egypt
Figure 2. The interaction effects of seasons and cultivars on the Chl., Car., total protein and phenol contents (A) and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes (B) of the two sweet pepper cultivars during the two growing seasons 2021–22.
Figure 1 in Susceptibility of the sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) to the infestation of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and the different insect pests under greenhouse conditions in Ismailia, Egypt
Figure 1. Monthly abundance of total TSSM (A), associated insect pest (B), and predator (C) numbers on the two sweet pepper cultivars during the two growing seasons 2021–22.
Figure 1 in Prevalence, intensity, and attachment sites of larval mites (Acari: Erythraeidae) infesting Erginulus clavotibialis, a Neotropical harvestman (Opiliones: Cosmetidae) from Belize
Figure 1 Larvae of Leptus sp. attached to pedipalps and leg segments of hosts. A. Femur of pedipalp. B. Tibia IV. C. Femur IV. D. Femur III. E. Femur I. F. Tibia II. Scale bar = 200 μm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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