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FIG. 5 in Biostratigraphy and Diversity of Paleogene Perissodactyls from the Erlian Basin of Inner Mongolia, China

FIG. 5. Paleogene outcrops on the Houldjin escarpment and Wulanhuxiu (= Chimney Butte, 8 mi north of the Tukhum Lamasery): A, the yellow and gray, pebbly gravels of the Houldjin Formation on the Houldjin escarpment near the Erenhot Railway Station; B, the outcrops at Wulanhuxiu, showing a steep, upper "red member" and a gradual, lower "white member."

FIG. 4 in Biostratigraphy and Diversity of Paleogene Perissodactyls from the Erlian Basin of Inner Mongolia, China

FIG. 4. Stratigraphic distributions of perissodactyl fossils and taxa in the Tukhum, Shara Murun, Ulan Gochu, and Baron Sog formations at Baron Sog Mesa. The profile of the section is based on the sketch at Xilin Nor North (= 4 mi north of Baron Sog Mesa) (Granger, 1925, see also Wang et al., 2012, fig. 2A). The superscripts in front of taxon names indicate the localities of the holotypes: numbers 1, and 2 refer to Ula Usu and 4 mi north of Baron Sog Mesa, respectively. Abbreviations: BS, Baron Sog Formation; Hyra., Hyracodontidae; P., Paraceratheriidae; T, Tukhum Formation; and UG, Ulan Gochu Formation.

FIG. 2 in Biostratigraphy and Diversity of Paleogene Perissodactyls from the Erlian Basin of Inner Mongolia, China

FIG. 2. Cranial and mandibular reconstructions of typical Eocene perissodactyls from the Erlian Basin of Inner Mongolia, China. tapiroid A, Lophialetes expeditus; B, Paracolodon fissus; paraceratheriid C, Pappaceras meiomenus; D, Juxia sharamurenensis; amynodontid E, Rostriamynodon grangeri; F, Sharamynodon mongoliensis; brontotheriid G, Protitan grangeri; H, Embolotherium andrewsi. Scale bar equals 10 cm.

FIG. 1 in Biostratigraphy and Diversity of Paleogene Perissodactyls from the Erlian Basin of Inner Mongolia, China

FIG. 1. Paleogene fossil localities in the Erlian Basin of Inner Mongolia, China, and the related routes of Central Asiatic Expeditions during 1920s (modified from Jiang, 1983; Mao and Wang, 2012; Wang et al., 2012). 1, Houldjin; 2, Arshanto; 3, Irdin Manha; 4, Daoteyin Obo (= Overnight Camp, 5 mi east of Camp Margetts); 5, Duheminboerhe (= Camp Margettes); 6, Nuhetingboerhe (= 6 mi west of Camp Margetts); 7, Wulanboerhe; 8, Huheboerhe (= 7 mi west and southwest [235°] of Camp Margetts); 9, Chaganboerhe (= 10 mi southwest of Camp Margetts); 10, Bayan Ulan; 11, Nom Khong (= Holy Mesa); 12, Wulantaolegai (= Viper Camp, 4 mi north of Tukhum Lamasery); 13, Wulanhuxiu (= Chimney Buttes, 8 mi north of Tukhum Lamasery); 14, Erden Obo (= Urtyn Obo); 15, Ganggan Obo (= Ulan Shireh Obo); 16, Heretu (= Spring Camp); 17, Bayan Obo (= Twin Obos); 18, Jhama Obo; 19, Xilin Nor North (= 4 mi north of Baron Sog Lamasery); 20, Ulan Gochu (= 8 mi north of Baron Sog Lamasery); 21, Ula Usu. The black-and-white dashed line represents railway.

FIG. 7 in Biostratigraphy and Diversity of Paleogene Perissodactyls from the Erlian Basin of Inner Mongolia, China

FIG. 7. Paleogene outcrops in the Shara Murun region: A, the outcrops at Ula Usu, where the Shara Murun Formation was named, showing an upper member dominated by white sandstones and a lower member dominated by sandy clays with varied colors; B, the outcrops at Xilin Nor North (= 4 mi north of Baron Sog Lamasery), showing the red clays of the Ulan Gochu Formation overlying the grayish white sandstones of the upper part of the Shara Murun Formation.

FIG. 6 in Biostratigraphy and Diversity of Paleogene Perissodactyls from the Erlian Basin of Inner Mongolia, China

FIG. 6. Sketch profile from Wulanhuxiu (= Chimney Butte, 8 mi north of Tukhum Lamasery) at North Mesa (Granger, 1928: 6). The layers 3–5 are grouped into an upper "red member", and the layers 6–14 are grouped into a lower "white member."

FIG. 9 in Biostratigraphy and Diversity of Paleogene Perissodactyls from the Erlian Basin of Inner Mongolia, China

FIG. 9. Paleogene outcrops at Erden Obo: A, the outcrops of the "Lower Red," "Lower White," and "Middle Red." The lower-right part of the photo is mainly the "Lower White," which overlies the "Lower Red" and is overlain by the "Middle Red" as shown by the hill, far left; B, the outcrops of the "Middle Red," "Middle White," "Upper Red," and "Upper White." The lower-right part of the photo is mainly the basal part of the "Upper Red," which overlies the "Middle White" and is overlain by the "Upper White (or yellow)." The top of the "Upper White" forms the Gobi surface.

FIG. 10 in Biostratigraphy and Diversity of Paleogene Perissodactyls from the Erlian Basin of Inner Mongolia, China

FIG. 10. Stratigraphic distributions of perissodactyl fossils and taxa from Erden Obo. The profile of section is based on the sketch by Granger (1928) and modified from Li (2017). The asterisks in front of taxa indicate where the holotype occurred in the section. Abbreviations: Amyno., Amynodontidae; BR, Basal Red; BW, Basal White; Chali., Chalicotherioidea; LR, Lower Red; MW, Middle White; and UW, Upper White.

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Fig. 2 in A Lujiatun-like dinosaurian assemblage from the Jehol Biota of Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia, Northeast China

Fig. 2. Fossils found in the Xidayingzi site from the Early Cretaceous Ningcheng Basin, Inner Mongolia. A. Sinovenator-like troodontid dinosaur (SDUST-V1062), the left pes is exposed in medial view. B. Ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sp. (PMOL-AD00163), the maxilary teeth are loosely arranged and exposed in lateral view. C. Neornithischian dinosaur Jeholosaurus sp. (SDUST-V1063), the scapulocoracoid, humerus, ulna, and radius in lateral view. D. Euhelopus-like sauropod (SDUST-V1064), digital image of the tooth crown in medial view. E. Indeterminated lizard (PMOLAR00268), digital image of the fragmentary mandible in lingual view. F. Symmetrodont-like mammal (PMOL-AM00036), digital image of the mandible in lingual view.

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Fig. 1 in A Lujiatun-like dinosaurian assemblage from the Jehol Biota of Ningcheng, Inner Mongolia, Northeast China

Fig. 1. Map of the Inner Mongolia, Liaoning and Hebei (A) showing location of the Xidayingzi site and the outcrops of the Lujiatun Unit of the Yixian Formation of the Jehol Biota in Beipiao, western Liaoning Province, China. Stratigraphic column (B) and corresponding photographic image (C) of the Early Cretaceous Xidayingzi site.

Fig. 2 in A new species of the "condylarth" Hyopsodus from the middle Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China, and its biostratigraphic implications

Fig. 2. Temporal distributions of species of Hyopsodus and Asiohyopsodus from North America and Eurasia based on Archibald (1998) and Tong and Wang (2006). The left column shows the correlation between NALMAs and ALMAs modified from Speijer et al. (2020) and Wang et al. (2019b). The numbers below the vertical bars indicate the range or the mean value for lower molar m2 length in millimeters. Numbers with an asterisk mean that the measurement is taken from a single specimen. The traditional Wasatchian, Bridgerian, and Uintan species of Hyopsodus are discriminated by different grey shading. Abbreviations: A., Asiohyopsodus; ALMA, Asian Land Mammal Age; Clarkfork., Clarkforkian; H., Hyopsodus; NALMA, North American Land Mammal Age.

Fig. 1 in A new species of the "condylarth" Hyopsodus from the middle Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China, and its biostratigraphic implications

Fig. 1. The middle Eocene "condylarth" mammal Hyopsodus arshantensis sp. nov. (A) and Hyopsodus sp. (B) from the Arshanto Formation of the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China. A. IVPP V 28282 from Chaganboerhe, m1–m2 in occlusal (A1), buccal (A2), and lingual (A3) views; mandible in buccal view (A4). B. IVPP V 28283 from Huheboerhe, mandible in buccal view (B1); m2 and m3 root in occlusal (B2), buccal (B3), and lingual (B4) views.

Fig. 4 in A new species of the "condylarth" Hyopsodus from the middle Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China, and its biostratigraphic implications

Fig. 4. Mandible fragments and teeth for several species of "condylarth" mammal Hyopsodus previously reported from China utilizing µ-CT scanning A, B) and SEM images (C). A. Hyopsodus turpanensis Zhai, 1978 (IVPP V 4355) from the early Eocene Shisanjianfang Formation, Turpan Basin, Xinjiang, China. The left mandible with p2–p3 root, p4 talonid and m1–m3 in occlusal (A1, A2), lingual (A3), and buccal (A4) views, horizontal (A5) and longitudinal (A6) sections. B. Hyopsodus fangxianensis Huang, 1985 (IVPP V 12005) from the early Eocene Youping Formation, Fangxian, Hubei, China. The right mandible with m1–m3 in occlusal (B1), buccal (B2), and lingual (B3) views; cross section at the level of m2 trigonid (B4). C. Hyopsodus huashigouensis Tong, 1989 (IVPP V 7921) from the middle Eocene Üqbulak Formation, Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, China. The right m2 in occlusal (C1), lingual (C2), and buccal (C3) views.

Fig. 3 in A new species of the "condylarth" Hyopsodus from the middle Eocene of the Erlian Basin, Inner Mongolia, China, and its biostratigraphic implications

Fig. 3. Scatter plots of lower molar m1–m2 width (W) versus length (L), and size proportions of Hyopsodus and Asiohyopsodus. m1 (A) and m2 (B) width versus length, and regression lines for width as a function of length in species of Hyopsodus and Asiohyopsodus. Size proportions of m2 versus m1 (C) and m3 versus m2 (D), and regression lines for tooth size as a function of its preceding tooth size in species of Hyopsodus and Asiohyopsodus. Black symbols and lines, Wasatchian, blue symbols and lines, Bridgerian, red symbols represents the middle Eocene Hyopsodus from China, and the green symbols represent the Uintan Hyopsodus from North America. Abbreviation: H., Hyopsodus. (Raw data: SOM, the Supplementary Online Material available at http://app.pan.pl/SOM/app66-Bai_etal_SOM.pdf).

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Fig. 3 in A new genus of lance lacewings from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China

Fig. 3. Female lance lacewing Vetosmylus maculosus gen. et sp. nov. (paratype, CNU−NEU−NN2019003P/C) from Aalenian–Bajocian boundary (Middle Jurassic) of Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, China (A) and extant Parosmylus tibetanus Yang, 1988 (B). A. Photographs of part part (A1) and counterpart (A2); terminalia in lateral view, a combination of photos of part and counterpart under dry condition (A3) and line drawing (A4), sternite 8 and gonapophysis 9 cannot be clearly observed. B. Line drawing of terminalia in lateral view.

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Fig. 1 in A new genus of lance lacewings from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China

Fig. 1. Lance lacewing Vetosmylus tentus gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, CNU−NEU−NN2019001P/C) from Aalenian–Bajocian boundary (Middle Jurassic) of Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, China. Photographs of part (A1) and counterpart (A2). Line drawings of left forewing (A3), right forewing (A4), left hind wing (A5). Abbreviations: A, anal veins; CuA/P, anterior/posterior cubitus; MA/P, anterior/posterior branch of media; RA/P, anterior/posterior branch of radius; Sc, subcosta.

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Fig. 2 in A new genus of lance lacewings from the Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China

Fig. 2. Lance lacewing Vetosmylus maculosus gen. et sp. nov. (holotype, CNU−NEU−NN2019002P/C) from Aalenian–Bajocian boundary (Middle Jurassic) of Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, China. Photographs of part (A1) and counterpart (A2). Line drawings of forewing (A3), hind wing (A4). Abbreviations: A, anal veins; CuA/P, anterior/posterior cubitus; MA/P, anterior/posterior branch of media; RA/P, anterior/posterior branch of radius; Sc, subcosta.

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Figure 9 in Microbial diversity of ticks and a novel typhus group Rickettsia species (Rickettsiales bacterium Ac37b) in Inner Mongolia, China

Figure 9. Phylogenetic tree of Rickettsiales bacterium Ac37b, Rickettsia bellii, Rickettsia raoultii, Anaplasma and Coxiella in ticks based on neighbor-joining (NJ) modeling; only values higher than 60 were added to the tree branches. (a) Phylogenetic tree of Rickettsiales bacterium Ac37b identified in Inner Mongolia; the 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained in this study are marked with black squares (1320 bp) and triangles (1430 bp). (b) Phylogenetic tree of Rickettsia bellii identified in Inner Mongolia; the 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained in this study are marked with black squares (1109 bp). (c) Phylogenetic tree of Rickettsia raoultii identified in Inner Mongolia; the 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained in this study are marked with black squares (855 bp). (d) Phylogenetic tree of Anaplasma identified in Inner Mongolia; the 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained in this study are marked with black squares (1455 bp) and triangles (547 bp). (e) Phylogenetic tree of Coxiella identified in Inner Mongolia; the 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained in this study are marked with black squares (1463 bp).

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Figure 6 in Microbial diversity of ticks and a novel typhus group Rickettsia species (Rickettsiales bacterium Ac37b) in Inner Mongolia, China

Figure 6. PCoA of β-diversity measures for twelve groups. Weighted UniFrac PCoA graph showing PC1, which accounts for 47.46% of variation, and PC2, which accounts for 28.93% of variation. Different colored dots represent different regions and species.