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19 results for “Insect decline”
Data and code from: Insect biomass decline scaled to species diversity: General patterns derived from a hoverfly community
<p>To study changes in flying insect communities, and hoverflies in particular, malaise trap samples from a German site were compared between two years (Hallmann et al. 2020). The data files deposited here contain data obtained from six malaise traps in the Wahnbachtal (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, 50.851944N, 7.320833E) that were deployed in 1989 and again in 2014, at the exact same locations. Traps were situated in wet meadows as well as tall perennial meadows, in close proximity to shrub corridors, to forest–grassland borders, and to the Wahnbach River and surrounded by agricultural land, essentially a rather heterogeneous habitat. The Wahnbach River and the greater part of the valley are protected for watershed purposes and are subject to nature conservation management by the Wahnbach Talperrenverband. Hence, several restrictions apply to safeguard against water contamination.</p> <p>Total insect biomass collected with these traps was already included in Hallmann et al. (2017), but here we focus on additional information: the abundance and richness of hoverflies (Syrphidae) in each of the collected samples (pots). Methodologies of collection are described in Sorg (1990), Schwan et al. (1993), Sorg et al. (2013), Hallmann et al. (2017), and Ssymank et al. (2018). In brief, malaise traps were deployed throughout the growing season and operated continuously (day and night). Malaise trap construction (e.g., size, material, colouring, and ground sealing) and placing (e.g., positioning, orientation, and slope of the locations) were standardised in all aspects. Insect samples were preserved in 80% ethanol solution. Catches of the six traps investigated in the present study were emptied regularly: On average exposure intervals were 7.0 d (SD = 0.5) in 1989 and 16.7 d (SD = 5.6) in 2014. Across the six traps in 2014 the total exposure time (in number of days) was 42% higher compared to 1989. All collected samples (n = 196) were used in the present analysis with in total 19,604 individual hoverflies counted, distributed over 162 species and 59 genera.</p> <p>To assess how environmental conditions have changed over the 25 year, several additional datasets were assembled. Climatic<br> data were obtained from 169 climatic stations and were used to interpolate daily weather variables to each trap location, using spatiotemporal kriging. These steps are described in detail in Hallmann et al. (2017).</p> <p>Our analysis (see R code) consists of three components. First, we considered total abundance, species richness, and species diversity, at two temporal scales: pooled per year, i.e., across the sampling season, and seasonally (i.e., per day), and we compared these metrics between 1989 and 2014. Second, we examined how total flying biomass (i.e., the weight of all trapped insects, of which hoverflies are only a small proportion) related to total abundance as well as species richness of hoverflies. Third, we derived persistence probabilities and population growth rate trends per species, to examine interspecific variation in these parameters.</p> <p>Descriptions of the deposited files:</p> <p><strong>Groups.csv</strong><br> MF_NR = identifier of each of the six malaise trap locations<br> yrf = year of sampling<br> pot = sample identifier<br> dt = number of sampling days<br> from.dnr = day-of-the-year on which a pot was attached to a malaise trap<br> to.dnr = day-of-the-year on which a pot was collected from a malaise trap<br> mean.daynr = mean day-of-the-year of the sampling period<br> Nspec = number of different hoverfly species found in a pot<br> Nind = number of hoverfly individuals found in a pot</p> <p><strong>Counts.csv</strong><br> A matrix of counts of individual hoverflies per pot per species. The 196 rows represent the pots in the same order as in the file 'Groups.csv'. The columns represent the 162 different hoverfly species found. The scientific species names are indicated in the column headers.</p> <p><strong>PairedData.csv</strong><br> pot = sample identifier<br> JAHR = year of sampling<br> MF_NR = identifier of each of the six malaise trap locations<br> dt = number of sampling days<br> from.dnr = day-of-the-year on which a pot was attached to a malaise trap<br> to.dnr = day-of-the-year on which a pot was collected from a malaise trap<br> NI = number of hoverfly individuals found in a potbiomass.daily<br> NSP = number of different hoverfly species found in a pot<br> biomass.daily = daily fresh weight [gram] of flying insects: total fresh weight in a pot divided by the number of sampling days.</p> <p><strong>ModelFrame.csv</strong><br> MF_NR = identifier of each of the six malaise trap locations<br> yrf = year of sampling<br> pot = sample identifier<br> dt = number of sampling days<br> from.dnr = day-of-the-year on which a pot was attached to a malaise trap<br> to.dnr = day-of-the-year on which a pot was collected from a malaise trap<br> mean.daynr = mean day-of-the-year of the sampling period<br> plot = identifier of each of the six malaise trap locations<br> date = date for which the weather variables are interpolated<br> daynr = day-of-the-year for which the weather variables are interpolated<br> altitude = altitude [m] of the malaise trap locations<br> year = year of sampling<br> temperature = interpolated temperature [degrees Celsius]<br> precipitation = interpolated precipitation [mm per day]<br> wind.speed = interpolated wind speed [m/s]</p> <p><strong>Data_Rcode.pdf</strong><br> This pdf provides the R-code behind the analysis of the Hoverfly data. Three datasets are provided along with this R-code document, namely "Counts.csv", "Groups.csv", "PairedData.csv" and "ModelFrame.csv". Additionally, the BUGS-code ""syrphidModel.jag" is required for running the daily-activity model in JAGS.</p> <p><strong>syrphidModel.jag</strong><br> This BUGS-code is required for running the daily-activity model in JAGS.</p>
No net insect abundance and diversity declines across US Long Term Ecological Research sites
<p>Recent reports of dramatic declines in insect abundance suggest grave consequences for global ecosystems and human society. Most evidence comes from Europe, however, leaving uncertainty about insect population trends worldwide. We used > 5,300 time series for insects and other arthropods, collected over 4-36 years at monitoring sites representing 68 different natural and managed areas, to search for evidence of declines across the United States. Some taxa and sites showed decreases in abundance and diversity while others increased or were unchanged, yielding net abundance and biodiversity trends generally indistinguishable from zero. This lack of overall increase or decline was consistent across arthropod feeding groups, and was similar for heavily disturbed versus relatively natural sites. The apparent robustness of U.S. arthropod populations is reassuring. Yet, this result does not diminish the need for continued monitoring and could mask subtler changes in species composition that nonetheless endanger insect-provided ecosystem services. </p>
Data and code from: Disentangling the drivers of decadal body size decline in an insect population
<p>While climate warming is widely predicted to reduce body size of ectotherms, evidence for this trend is mixed. Body size depends not only on temperature but also on other factors, such as food quality and intraspecific competition. Because temperature trends or other long-term environmental factors may affect population size and food sources, attributing trends in average body size to temperature requires the separation of potentially confounding effects. We evaluated trends in the body size of the midge <em>Tanytarsus gracilentus</em> and potential drivers (water temperature, population size, and food quality) between 1977 and 2015 at Lake Mývatn, Iceland. Although temperatures increased at Mývatn over this period, there was only a slight (non-significant) decrease in midge adult body size, contrary to theoretical expectations. Using a state-space model including multiple predictors, body size was negatively associated with both water temperature and midge population abundance, and it was positively associated with <sup>13</sup>C enrichment of midges (an indicator of favorable food conditions). The magnitude of these effects were similar, such that simultaneous changes in temperature, abundance, and carbon stable isotopic signature could counteract each other in the long-term body size trend. Our results illustrate how multiple factors, all of which could be influenced by global change, interact to affect average ectotherm body size.</p>
Data and code from: Disentangling the drivers of decadal body size decline in an insect population
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Historical behavioral data disentangle evolutionary and environmental drivers of recent declines in insect attraction to light
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No net insect abundance and diversity declines across US Long Term Ecological Research sites
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Raw data and code for: Drivers of nocturnal and diurnal pollinating insect declines in urban landscapes
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Data from: Experimental evidence for neonicotinoid driven decline in aquatic emerging insects
<p>There is an ongoing unprecedented loss in insects, both in terms of richness and biomass. The usage of pesticides, especially neonicotinoid insecticides, has been widely suggested to be a contributor to this decline. However, the risks of neonicotinoids to natural insect populations have remained largely unknown due to lack of field-realistic experiments. Here, we used an outdoor experiment to determine effects of field-realistic concentrations of the commonly applied neonicotinoid thiacloprid on the emergence of naturally assembled aquatic insect populations. Following application, all major orders of emerging aquatic insects (Coleoptera, Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Trichoptera) declined strongly in both abundance and biomass. At the highest concentration (10 μg/L), emergence of most orders was nearly absent. Diversity of the most species-rich family, Chironomidae, decreased by 50% at more commonly observed concentrations (1 μg/L) and was generally reduced to a single species at the highest concentration. Our experimental findings thereby showcase a causal link of neonicotinoids and the ongoing insect decline. Given the urgency of the insect decline, our results highlight the need to reconsider the mass usage of neonicotinoids to preserve freshwater insects as well as the life and services depending on them.</p>
Data for spatial and temporal refugia for an insect population declining due to climate change
<p>Insect declines have been reported worldwide, although the particular causes of the declines may be complex and are poorly understood. Meadow spittlebugs were one of the most abundant insects in the coastal prairie along the California coast 40 years ago but have largely disappeared. Evidence links this decline to changing climatic conditions, which have reduced survival of eggs and neonates. We identified several refugia where meadow spittlebug populations have persisted amidst unfavorable conditions. Protection from desiccating winds was the common attribute of these refugia. Following a wet year, adult meadow spittlebugs were able to disperse from one refuge that we studied to recolonize coastal prairie habitats, although populations declined over the next two drier years. Because of their previous high abundance, loss of meadow spittlebugs is likely to affect the functioning of this widespread habitat, including energy transfer, their host plants, and their predators. In addition, meadow spittlebugs are unusual in having been the subject of extensive physiological and long-term ecological data, so they can serve as a bellwether species, indicating the effects of climate change.</p>
Data from: Decreasing predator density and activity explain declining predation of insect prey along elevational gradients
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Data from: Experimental evidence for neonicotinoid driven decline in aquatic emerging insects
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Data from: Parallel declines in abundance of insects and insectivorous birds in Denmark over 22 years
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Data for spatial and temporal refugia for an insect population declining due to climate change
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Data from: Phenotypic biomarkers of climatic impacts on declining insect populations: a key role for decadal drought, thermal buffering and amplification effects and host plant dynamics
1. Widespread population declines have been reported for diverse Mediterranean butterflies over the last three decades, and have been significantly associated to increased global change impacts. The specific landscape and climatic drivers of these declines remain uncertain for most declining species. 2. Here we analyse whether plastic phenotypic traits of a model butterfly species (Pieris napi) perform as reliable biomarkers of vulnerability to extreme temperature impacts in natural populations, showing contrasting trends in thermally exposed and thermally buffered populations. 3. We also examine whether improved descriptions of thermal exposure of insect populations can be achieved by combining multiple information sources (i.e. integrating measurements of habitat thermal buffering, habitat thermal amplification, host plant transpiration, and experimental assessments of thermal death time (TDT), thermal avoidance behaviour (TAB) and thermally induced trait plasticity). These integrative analyses are conducted in two demographically declining and two non-declining populations of P. napi. 4. The results show that plastic phenotypic traits (butterfly body mass and wing size) are reliable biomarkers of population vulnerability to extreme thermal conditions. Butterfly wing size is strongly reduced only in thermally exposed populations during summer drought periods. Lab rearing of these populations documented reduced wing size due to significant negative effects of increased temperatures affecting larval growth. We conclude that these thermal biomarkers are indicative of the population vulnerability to increasing global warming impacts, showing contrasting trends in thermally exposed and buffered populations. 5. Thermal effects in host plant microsites significantly differ between populations, with stressful thermal conditions only effectively ameliorated in mid-elevation populations. In lowland populations we observe a six-fold reduction in vegetation thermal buffering effects, and larval growth occurs in these populations at significantly higher temperatures. Lowland populations show reduced host plant quality (C/N ratio), reduced leaf transpiration rates and complete aboveground plant senescence during the peak of summer drought. Amplified host plant temperatures are observed in open microsites, reaching thermal thresholds that can affect larval survival. 6. Overall, our results suggest that butterfly population vulnerability to long-term drought periods is associated to multiple co-occurring and interrelated ecological factors, including limited vegetation thermal buffering effects at lowland sites, significant drought impacts on host plant transpiration and amplified leaf surface temperature, as well as reduced leaf quality linked to the seasonal advance of plant phenology. Our results also identify multi-annual summer droughts affecting larval growing periods as a key driver of the recently reported butterfly population declines in the Mediterranean biome.
Supplementary material 1 from: Thomaes A, Verschelde P, Mader D, Sprecher-Uebersax E, Fremlin M, Onkelinx T, Méndez M (2017) Can we successfully monitor a population density decline of elusive invertebrates? A statistical power analysis on Lucanus cervus. In: Campanaro A, Hardersen S, Sabbatini Peverieri G, Carpaneto GМ (Eds) Monitoring of saproxylic beetles and other insects protected in the European Union. Nature Conservation 19: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.19.11761
Figures of statistical support : Data type: statistical data
eDNA from archived leaves reveals no losses of α-diversity, but widespread community turnover and biotic homogenization as drivers of forest insect decline
<p>A major limitation of current reports on insect declines is the lack of standardized, long-term, and taxonomically broad time series. Here, we demonstrate the utility of environmental DNA from archived leaf material to characterize plant-associated arthropod communities. We base our work on several multi-decadal leaf time series from tree canopies in four land use types, which were sampled as part of a long-term environmental monitoring program across Germany. Using these highly standardized and well-preserved samples, we analyze temporal changes of diversity and relative biomass in communities of several thousand arthropod species belonging to 23 orders using multilocus metabarcoding and quantitative PCR. Our data do not support widespread declines of α-diversity or genetic diversity within species. Instead, we find a gradual community turnover, which results in temporal and spatial biotic homogenization. Colonization by novel widespread taxa and loss of range-restricted taxa cause spatial diversity loss. At the same time, increasingly similar species occurrences between consecutive sampling years cause a temporal decline of diversity. These effects are independent of land use and observed for all arthropod orders. Our results suggest that insect decline is more complex than mere α-diversity loss, but can be driven by β-diversity decay across space and time.</p>
Pervasive decline of subtropical aquatic insects over 20 years driven by water transparency, non-native fish and stoichiometric imbalance
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Data from: Phenotypic biomarkers of climatic impacts on declining insect populations: a key role for decadal drought, thermal buffering and amplification effects and host plant dynamics
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eDNA from archived leaves reveals no losses of α-diversity, but widespread community turnover and biotic homogenization as drivers of forest insect decline
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