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172 results for “Intraspecific variability”
The role of the intraspecific variability of hydraulic traits for modelling the plant water use in different European forest ecosystems: scripts, model output, and parameter files
<p>This repository contains the model outputs and R scripts used to process the data to analyze the impact of the plant hydraulic parameterization of the manuscript: "The role of the intraspecific variability of hydraulic traits for modelling the plant water use in different European forest ecosystems". The following is a detailed description of the content of this repository:</p> <p>model_output.zip: This compressed file contains the results of all the individual numerical experiments per experimental site as produced by the Comunity Land Model version 5. The files are stored in NETCDF format per year. The folder is arranged with subfolders containing the individual results from each experimental site as follows:</p> <ul> <li>rc: model output with the results of the resistant configuration of experiment 1 (RC)</li> <li>vc: model output with the results of the vulnerable configuration of experiment 1 (VC)</li> <li>k_dc: model output with the results of the default configuration used for experiments 1 and 2 (DC or DC<em>k</em><sub>max</sub>)</li> <li>k_rc: model output with the results of the low plant hydraulic conductance (L<em>k</em><sub>max</sub>) for experiment 2</li> <li>k_irc: model output with the results of the intermediate low plant hydraulic conductance (IL<em>k</em><sub>max</sub>) for experiment 2</li> <li>k_vc: model output with the results of the high plant hydraulic conductance (H<em>k</em><sub>max</sub>) for experiment 2</li> <li>k_ivc: model output with the results of the intermediate high plant hydraulic conductance (IH<em>k</em><sub>max</sub>) for experiment 2</li> <li>k_iirc: model output with the results of the additional intermediate low plant hydraulic conductance (IIL<em>k</em><sub>max</sub>) for experiment 2</li> <li>ko_dc: model output with the results of the best <em>k</em><sub>max</sub> and the default configuration of the PVC used in experiment 3</li> <li>ko_rc: model output with the results of the best <em>k</em><sub>max</sub> and the resistant configuration of the PVC used in experiment 3</li> <li>ko_vc: model output with the results of the best <em>k</em><sub>max</sub> and the vulnerable configuration of the PVC used in experiment 3</li> </ul> <p>The scripts were written for use in RStudio, and each contains a detailed description of the data requirements and outputs. Each script was developed to read directly the netcdf files of the model output and the csv files containing the transpiration estimates calculated from the SAPFLUXNET per experimental site (script 1).</p>
Data from: Heat tolerance is more variable than cold tolerance across species of Iberian lizards after controlling for intraspecific variation
<ol> <li>The widespread observation that heat tolerance is less variable than cold tolerance ('cold-tolerance asymmetry') leads to the prediction that species exposed to temperatures near their thermal maxima should have reduced evolutionary potential for adapting to climate warming. However, the prediction is largely supported by species-level global studies based on single estimates of both physiological metrics per taxon.</li> <li>We ask if cold-tolerance asymmetry holds for Iberian lizards after accounting for intraspecific variation in critical thermal maxima (CT<i><sub>max</sub></i>) and minima (CT<i><sub>min</sub></i>). To do so, we quantified CT<i><sub>max</sub></i> and CT<i><sub>min</sub></i> for 58 populations of 15 Iberian lizard species (299 individuals). Then, we randomly selected one population from each study species (population sample = 15 CT<i><sub>max</sub></i> and CT<i><sub>min</sub></i> values), tested for variance homoscedasticity across species, and repeated the test for thousands of population samples as if we had undertaken the same study thousands of times, each time sampling one different population per species.</li> <li>The ratio of variances in CT<i><sub>max</sub></i> to CT<i><sub>min</sub></i> across species varied up to 16-fold depending on the populations chosen. Variance ratios show how much CT<i><sub>max</sub></i> departs from the cross-species mean compared to CT<i><sub>min</sub></i>, with a unitary ratio indicating equal variance of both thermal limits. Sampling one population per species was six times more likely to result in the observation of greater CT<i><sub>max</sub></i> variance ('heat-tolerance asymmetry') than cold-tolerance asymmetry. The null hypothesis of equal variance was twice as likely for cases of cold-tolerance asymmetry than for the opposite scenario.</li> <li>Range-wide, population-level studies that quantify heat and cold tolerance of individual species are urgently needed to ascertain the global prevalence of cold-tolerance asymmetry. While broad latitudinal clines of cold tolerance have been strongly supported, heat tolerance might respond to smaller-scale climatic and habitat factors hence go unnoticed in global studies. Studies investigating physiological responses to climate change should incorporate the extent to which thermal traits are characteristic of individuals, populations and/or species.</li> </ol>
Elevation differently shapes functional diversity patterns in understory forest communities when considering intraspecific and interspecific trait variability
<p>Datasets used for the analysis done for the paper "Elevation differently shapes functional diversity patterns in understory forest communities when considering intraspecific and interspecific trait variability".</p> <p>Files present are:</p> <p>-Species x Plot (vegetation releveés).</p> <p>-Plot x Environment.</p> <p>-Plot x CWM_inter for Plant height, Leaf area, Specific Leaf Area (SLA), Leaf Dry Matter Content (LDMC) using the traits fixed for species, i.e., holding traits constant as the species mean, thus incorporating only turnover.</p> <p>-Plot x CWM_intra for Plant height, Leaf area, Specific Leaf Area (SLA), Leaf Dry Matter Content (LDMC) based on an individual by trait matrix, therefore incorporating both turnover and intraspecific trait variation.</p> <p>-Plot x SES-FD_inter (Standard Effect Size Functional Diversity) for Plant height, Leaf area, Specific Leaf Area (SLA), Leaf Dry Matter Content (LDMC) using the traits fixed for species, i.e., holding traits constant as the species mean, thus incorporating only turnover.</p> <p>-Plot x SES-FD_intra (Standard Effect Size Functional Diversity) for Plant height, Leaf area, Specific Leaf Area (SLA), Leaf Dry Matter Content (LDMC) based on an individual by trait matrix, therefore incorporating both turnover and intraspecific trait variation.</p> <p>All analysis were carried out using the software R version 4.1.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, <a href="http://www.R-project.org">http://www.R-project.org</a>) and can be consulted on GitHub https://github.com/AriannaFerrara/Elevation-and-Intraspecific-trait-variability.git</p>
Data from: Making better use of tracking data can reveal the spatiotemporal and intraspecific variability of species distributions
<p>Understanding geographic ranges and species distributions is crucial for effective conservation, especially in the light of climate and land use change. However, the spatial, temporal and intraspecific resolution of digital accessible information on species distributions is often limited. Here, we suggest to make better use of high-resolution tracking data to address existing limitations of occurrence records such as spatial biases (e.g. lack of observations in parts of the geographic range), temporal biases (e.g. lack of observations during a certain period of the year), and insufficient information on intraspecific variability (e.g. lack of population- or individual-level variation). Addressing these gaps can improve our knowledge on geographic ranges, intra-annual changes in species distributions, and population-level differences in habitat and space use. We demonstrate this with tracking data and species distribution models (SDMs) of the Barnacle Goose, a migratory bird species wintering in western Europe and breeding in the Arctic. Our analyses show that tracking data can (1) supplement occurrence records from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) in remote areas such as the European and Russian Arctic, (2) improve information on the temporal use of wintering, staging and breeding areas of migratory species, and (3) provide insights into the differences of population-level responses to environmental variables. We recommend a broader use of tracking data to address the Wallacean shortfall (i.e. the incomplete knowledge on the geographic distribution of species) and to improve forecasts of biodiversity responses to climate and land use change (e.g. species vulnerability assessments). To avoid common pitfalls, we provide six recommendations for consideration during the research cycle when using tracking data in species distribution modelling, including steps to assess biases and integrate information on intraspecific variability in modelling approaches.</p>
How to render species comparable taxonomic units through deep time: A case study on intraspecific osteological variability in extant and extinct lacertid lizards
<p>Generally, the species is considered to be the only naturally occurring taxon. However, species recognized and defined using different species delimitation criteria cannot readily be compared, impacting studies of biodiversity through Deep Time. This comparability issue is particularly marked when comparing extant with extinct species because the only available data for species delimitation in fossils are derived from their preserved morphology, which is generally restricted to osteology in vertebrates. Here, we quantify intraspecific, intrageneric, and intergeneric osteological variability in extant species of lacertid lizards using pairwise dissimilarity scores based on a data set of 253 discrete osteological characters for 99 specimens referred to 24 species. Variability is always significantly lower intraspecifically than between individuals belonging to distinct species of a single genus, which is in turn significantly lower than intergeneric variability. Average values of intraspecific variability and associated standard deviations are consistent (with few exceptions), with an overall average within a species of 0.208 changes per character scored. Application of the same methods to six extinct lacertid species (represented by 40 fossil specimens) revealed that intraspecific osteological variability is inconsistent, which can at least in part be attributed to different researchers having unequal expectations of the skeletal dissimilarity within species units. Such a divergent interpretation of intraspecific and interspecific variability among extant and extinct species reinforces the incomparability of the species unit. Lacertidae is an example where extant species recognized and defined based on a number of delimitation criteria show comparable and consistent intraspecific osteological variability. Here, as well as in equivalent cases, application of those skeletal dissimilarity values to paleontological species delimitation potentially provides a way to ameliorate inconsistencies created by the use of morphology to define species.</p>
Fig. 21 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)
Fig. 21. Size-frequency distribution of 176 specimens of paradoxidid trilobite Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain, sizes 2.5–67.5 mm in glabellar length. Size-frequency plot shows a normal distribution with some large specimens.
Fig. 20. A in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)
Fig. 20. A. Bivariate plot of first two first principal components in a sample of paradoxidid trilobite Eccaparadoxides pygidia from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain, using six variables: anterior pygidial width, maximum pygidial width, posterior pygidial width, pygidial spine length (sagittal), pygidial spine length (exsagittal), and pygidial axial length (n = 99). B. Bivariate plot of principal components 2 and 3 (n = 99). Black circles, Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) sensu Sdzuy 1961; white circles, Eccaparadoxides mediterraneus (Pompeckj, 1901) sensu Dies Álvarez et al. 2010.
Fig. 19. A in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)
Fig. 19. A. Bivariate plot of the first two principal components in a sample of paradoxidid trilobite Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) cranidia from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain, using four variables: glabellar length, palpebral lobe length, posterior glabellar width and anterior border length (n = 117). B. Bivariate plot of the principal components 2 and 3 in a sample of Eccaparadoxides cranidia from Purujosa trilobite assemblage using five variables: glabellar length, palpebral lobe length, posterior glabellar width and anterior border length and frontal area width (n = 46). Black circles, Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) sensu Sdzuy 1961; white circles, Eccaparadoxides mediterraneus (Pompeckj, 1901) sensu Dies Álvarez et al. 2010; asterisk indicates lectotype.
Fig. 11 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)
Fig. 11. Types of thoraxes in Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) from the Purujosa trilobite assamblege, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain. A–C. Heteronomous thorax. D. Homonomous thorax. See text for explanation. Scale bars 5 mm.
Fig. 6 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)
Fig. 6. Relationship between angles in S1 and the glabellar length in paradoxidid trilobite Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain (for angles taken see Fig. 2).
Fig. 9 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)
Fig. 9. Plot showing the relationship between the number of terrace lines on the lateral border of the librigena and the lateral border length in Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) from the Purujosa trilobite assamblege, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain.
Fig. 18 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)
Fig. 18. Bivariate plot showing relationship between exsagittal pygidial spine length and the anterior pygidial width (n = 100) (A), maximum pygidial width (n = 107) (B), posterior pygidial width (n = 108) (C), and pygidium axial length (n = 108) (D) in paradoxidid trilobite Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain.
Fig. 16 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)
Fig. 16. Bivariate plots showing relationship between glabellar length and palpebral lobe length (n = 118) (A), palpebral lobe width (n = 101) (B), posterior glabellar width (n = 54) (C), and frontal area width (n = 63) (D) in paradoxidid trilobite Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain.
Fig. 1. A in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)
Fig. 1. A. Geological setting of the Purujosa trilobite assemblage in the Iberian Chains (modified from Gozalo and Liñán 1988). B. Geological setting, showing pre-Hercynian outcrops and the Iberian Chains in NE Spain. C. Composite column with middle Cambrian formations and Mediterranean substages showing the stratigraphical distributions of Eccaparadoxides mediterraneus (Pompeckj, 1901) and Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860). Tectono-stratigraphical zones of Iberian Peninsula: CZ, Cantabrian Zone; ELAZ, East Lusitanian–Alcudian Zone; GCZ, Galician–Castilian Zone; OMZ, Ossa–Morena Zone; SPZ, South Portugal Zone; WALZ, West Asturian–Leonese Zone.
Fig. 3 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)
Fig. 3. Common patterns of glabellar furrows within the Purujosa trilobite assemblage, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain. A. Specimen with two transglabellar (S1 and S2), two discontinuous (S3 and S4), and a convergence of SO and S1. B. Specimen with two transglabellar furrows (S1 and S2), one discontinuous furrow (S3), and a convergence of SO and S1. C. Specimen with two transglabellar furrows (S1 normal and S2 shallow medially), two discontinuous (S3 and barely visible S4), and convergence of SO. D. Specimen with two transglabellar furrows (S1 normal and S2 shallow medially), two discontinuous (S3 and barely visible S4), without convergence of any furrow. E. Specimen with two straight transglabellar furrows (S1 and S2), S2 shallow medially, and a shallow S3. F. Specimen with only two straight transglabellar furrows (S1 and S2). These patterns are seen in the 95% of the specimens although it is likely that other patterns can be found. Note that the ornamentation is strong in A and weaker in D and absent in E and F.
Fig. 7 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)
Fig. 7. Paradoxidid trilobite Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) from Sabedo, León province, Solenopleuropsis ribeiroi Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain. A, B. Lectotypes. A. EM 170 091, fairly complete specimen with two transglabelar glabellar furrow and two weakly incised visible discontinuous furrows. Note convergence of SO and S1, S3, and S4. B. EM 170 091 in lateral view, showing the rear part of the thorax slightly flexed. C–G. Paralectotypes. C. EM 170 092, cranidium with two continuous glabellar furrows and slightly convergent SO and S1. D. EM 170 093, cranidium with two continuous glabellar furrows and two weakly developed discontinuos glabellar furrows. E. EM 170 094, rear part of the thorax with attached pygidium with low spinosity-degree. F. EM 170 095, rear part of the thorax showing large rear pleural spines flanking the pygidium. G. EM 170 096, isolated pygidium. All specimens are photographs taken from internal moulds covered by sublimated NH Cl. Scale bars 5 mm.
Fig. 4 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)
Fig. 4. Cranidia of paradoxidid trilobite Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) showing differently developed glabellar furrows and preservation patterns common in mudstone from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain. A. Meraspid cranidium with one glabellar furrow and S2 barely visible, the arrow points to preglabellar field (MPZ2011/2). B. Meraspid cranidium with two glabellar furrows, the arrow points to preglabellar field, right arrow points to the exsagital extension of the anterior facial branch of facial suture which touch the side of the glabella (MPZ2011/3). C. Holaspid cranidium with two continuous glabellar furrows and one no continuous and convergence of SO and S1 (MPZ2011/4). D. Holaspid cranidium with two continuous glabellar furrow and convergence of S1 (MPZ2011/5). E. Holaspid cranidium with two continuous glabellar furrows and two barely visible discontinuous two glabellar furrow, SO and S1 almost without convergence, arrow points to the exsagital extension of the anterior facial branch of facial suture which touch the side of the glabella (MPZ2011/6). F. Holaspid cranidium with two continuous glabellar furrows and two barely discontinuous glabellar furrows; SO and S1 almost without convergence (MPZ2011/7). G. Holaspid cranidium with two glabellar furrows; SO and S1 almost without convergence, arrow points to the exsagital extension of the anterior facial branch of facial suture along the side of the glabella (MPZ2011/8). H. Holaspid cranidium with two continuous glabellar furrows and two discontinuous, SO and S1 convergent, arrow points the genal caeca (MPZ2011/9). All photographs are taken from latex casts and internal moulds covered by sublimated NH Cl.
Fig. 17 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)
Fig. 17. Bivariate plots showing relationship between glabellar length and posterior cranidial width (A) and ratio of posterior cranidial width divided by palpebral lobes length (B) (n = 63) in paradoxidid trilobite Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain.
Fig. 2 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)
Fig. 2. Reconstruction of the cranidium (A) and two types of pygidia of paradoxidid trilobite Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860); with features measured on the dorsal view indicated type Eccaparadoxides mediterraneus (Pompeckj, 1901) pygidium (B) and type E. pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) pygidium (C), and reconstruction of the librigena (D). Abbreviations: α S1, angle of furrow 1; tr., transversal.
Fig. 15 in Intraspecific variability in paradoxidid trilobites from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage (middle Cambrian, northeast Spain)
Fig. 15. Bivariate plots showing relationship between glabellar length and anterior border length (n = 133) (A) and anterior border length/glabellar width ratio (n = 133) (B) in paradoxidid trilobite Eccaparadoxides pradoanus (Verneuil and Barrande in Prado et al., 1860) from the Purujosa trilobite assemblage, Solenopleuropsis thorali Biozone, middle Cambrian, Spain.
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