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15 results for “Island Ecology and Biogeography”
Island biogeography predicts skull gigantism and shape variation in meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) through ecological release and allometry
Island Rule describes the graded trend of gigantism in small-bodied species to dwarfism in large-bodied species inhabiting islands, but causal explanations remain unresolved. We used geometric morphometrics to quantify cranial morphology of 544 meadow vole (<i>Microtus pennsylvanicus</i>) samples across 11 island and 3 mainland populations from the Outer Lands of New England (Atlantic) and the Alexander Archipelago of Alaska (Pacific). We compared the thermoregulation and endurance (TRE) and ecological release (ER) hypotheses using all-subsets linear models employing residual randomization permutation procedures (rrpp), and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) for model selection. We decoupled direct and indirect effects of island variables on size using path analysis. We evaluated shape with Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Procrustes ANOVA on Procrustes shape coordinates, then assessed the impact of static allometry and TRE and ER variables on shape. Six Atlantic island populations exhibit significant signals of gigantism with the largest voles occurring on the smallest islands lacking predators. ER explains 63% of cranial size differences. Island area has a significant total effect on size by influencing the number of mammalian predators, resulting in a 0.011 increase in unit centroid size for a 100 km<sup>2</sup> decrease in island area. This corresponds to a predicted 0.9% change in size for every 100 km<sup>2</sup>. Given static allometry, cranial shape does not respond to insularity independent of size. These results suggest that Island Rule is a latent evolutionary process whose manifestation depends on nuanced biogeographic and ecological contexts that have important conservation and taxonomic implications.
Island biogeography predicts skull gigantism and shape variation in meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) through ecological release and allometry
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FIGURE 10 in Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Solomon Islands: new records and species, ecology, and biogeography
FIGURE 10. Simulium (M.) nr. selwynense, Makira (Santa Cristobal). Penultimate/early lastinstar larva. a, left lateral view. b, pharate pupal gill. c, hypostomal teeth. d, mandible teeth, sensillum, and serrations. e, dorsal view of head, probably female. f, hypostoma and postgenal cleft. g, anal sclerite and circlet of hooks.
FIGURE 5a–c in Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Solomon Islands: new records and species, ecology, and biogeography
FIGURE 5a–c. Simulium (M.) nr. selwynense, Santa Isobel. Lastinstar larvae. a, left lateral views, female upper, male lower. b, dorsal view of female larva head. c, dorsal view of male larva head.
FIGURE 7 in Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Solomon Islands: new records and species, ecology, and biogeography
FIGURE 7. Simulium (G.) rhopaloides n. sp. Guadalcanal. Early last instar larva, Holotype. a, left lateral view. b, pharate pupal gill. c, hypostomal teeth. d, mandible teeth, sensillum, and serrations. e, dorsal view of head. f, hypostoma and postgenal cleft. g, anal sclerite and circlet of hooks.
FIGURE 4 in Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Solomon Islands: new records and species, ecology, and biogeography
FIGURE 4. Simulium (M.) nr. selwynense, Rendova, New Georgia Islands. Lastinstar larva. a, left lateral view. b, pharate pupal gill. c, hypostomal teeth. d, mandible teeth, sensillum, and serrations. e, dorsal view of head. f, hypostoma and postgenal cleft. g, anal sclerite and circlet of hooks.
FIGURE 1 in Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Solomon Islands: new records and species, ecology, and biogeography
FIGURE 1. Bougainville (PNG) and the Solomon Islands. The 200m bathymetric contour is indicated. Numbers and letters associated with islands are number of recognised species and subgenus (M = Morops, G = Gomphostilbia).
FIGURE 5 in Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Solomon Islands: new records and species, ecology, and biogeography
FIGURE 5. Simulium (M.) nr. selwynense, Santa Isobel. Lastinstar larvae. d, pharate pupal gill. e, hypostomal teeth. f, anal sclerite and circlet of hooks. g, hypostoma and postgenal cleft. h, mandible teeth, sensillum, and serrations.
FIGURE 9a–c in Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Solomon Islands: new records and species, ecology, and biogeography
FIGURE 9a–c. Simulium (M.) nr. pohaense, Malaita. Last instar larva. a, left lateral view, male. b, dorsal view, female larva head. c, dorsal view, male larva head.
FIGURE 3 in Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Solomon Islands: new records and species, ecology, and biogeography
FIGURE 3. Simulium (G.) noroense, New Georgia, New Georgia Islands. Penultimate instar larva. a, left lateral view. b, pharate pupal gill. c, hypostomal teeth. d, mandible teeth, sensillum, and serration. e, dorsal view of head. f, hypostoma and postgenal cleft. g, anal sclerite and circlet of hooks.
FIGURE 2 in Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Solomon Islands: new records and species, ecology, and biogeography
FIGURE 2. Simulium (G.) noroense, Kolumbangara, New Georgia Islands. Penultimate instar larva. a, left lateral view. b, pharate pupal gill. c, hypostomal teeth. d, mandible teeth, sensillum, and serration. e, dorsal view of head. f, hypostoma and postgenal cleft. g, anal sclerite and circlet of hooks.
FIGURE 11 in Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Solomon Islands: new records and species, ecology, and biogeography
FIGURE 11. Localities of new Simuliidae material from the Solomon Islands. a, Stream near Ringgi, Kolumbangara, New Georgia Islands. b, Upper Sakumbare River, New Georgia, New Georgia Islands. c, Upper Toropi River, Rendova, New Georgia Islands (J. Polhemus in background). d, Garana River (3 km inland), Santa Isabel. e, Charovuga River, Guadalcanal. f, Aluta River, cascade, Malaita (R. Englund in background). g, Puepue River, Makira.
FIGURE 8 in Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Solomon Islands: new records and species, ecology, and biogeography
FIGURE 8. Simulium (G.) hiroshii, Malaita. Female adult. a, left lateral view. b, frontal view of head. Specimen in alcohol.
FIGURE 9d–h in Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Solomon Islands: new records and species, ecology, and biogeography
FIGURE 9d–h. Simulium (M.) nr. pohaense, Malaita. Last instar larva. d, pharate pupal gill. e, hypostomal teeth. f, anal sclerite and circlet of hooks. g, hypostoma and postgenal cleft. h, mandible teeth, sensillum, and serrations
FIGURE 6 in Simuliidae (Diptera) of the Solomon Islands: new records and species, ecology, and biogeography
FIGURE 6. Simulium (G.) sherwoodi, Guadalcanal. Pupal gill, thoracic cuticle, and antennal sheath.
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OpenNeuro
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