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13 results for “Island Rule”
Fig. 2. a in Not playing by the rules: Unusual patterns in the epidemiology of parasites in a natural population of feral horses (Equus caballus) on Sable Island, Canada
Fig. 2. a) Dictyocaulus arnfieldi first-stage larvae showing typical granular appearance and beginning of cuticular separation b) closer view of tail showing stylet, or spear.
Fig. 1 in Not playing by the rules: Unusual patterns in the epidemiology of parasites in a natural population of feral horses (Equus caballus) on Sable Island, Canada
Fig. 1. Map of Sable Island, Canada, which is about 50 km long, 1 km wide at its widest point, and in total, 34 km2 (from Gold et al., 2019).
Fig. 3 in Not playing by the rules: Unusual patterns in the epidemiology of parasites in a natural population of feral horses (Equus caballus) on Sable Island, Canada
Fig. 3. Proportions of third-stage larvae of large and small strongyle species cultured from feces of 81 Sable Island horses in summer 2014, showing an unusual dominance of S. equinus in adult horses. Larvae with a rhabditiform pharynx were rare in young (1–3 years) and adult horses (≥3 years), but common in foals, which could represent larvae of Strongyloides westeri.
Strength of the 'island rule' in birds is positively associated with absence of avian predators
<p>The similar characteristics shared by island environments have been shown to lead to common patterns of adaptations in island species, commonly referred to as the "insularity syndrome". A well-known example is the "island rule", where large species become smaller on islands and small species become larger, leading to well-known cases of dwarfism and gigantism. This pattern was recently verified on a global scale, but the mechanisms underlying it have been poorly investigated. Here, we focused on the role of released pressure from predation and competition experienced by island birds. Using 120 pairs of endemic island species and their mainland sister relatives, we first verified that the island rule was detected in our dataset, and then evaluated the effects of the numbers of raptors and inter-specific competitors on the evolution of the insular species' body mass. We found a strong effect of predation on body mass evolution, with a stronger island rule for species occurring on islands with no raptors, while the pattern disappears in their presence. However, we did not find an effect of competition on this pattern. Our study shows the importance of considering ecological interactions for understanding patterns of body size evolution, and the exceptions to those patterns.</p>
Data from: Phenotypic and developmental dissection of an instance of the island rule
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Strength of the ‘island rule’ in birds is positively associated with absence of avian predators
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Data from: Resurrection of the island rule - human-driven extinctions have obscured a basic evolutionary pattern
Islands are or have been occupied by unusual species, such as dwarf proboscideans and giant rodents. The discussion of the classical, but controversial "island rule," which states that mammalian body sizes converge on intermediate sizes on islands, has been stimulated by these unusual species. In this study, we use an unprecedented global data set of the distributions and body sizes of late-Quaternary mammal species and a novel analytical method to analyze body size evolution on islands. The analyses produced strong support for the island rule. Islands have suffered massive human-driven losses of species, and we found that the support for the island rule was substantially stronger when the many late-Quaternary extinct species were also considered (particularly, the tendency for dwarfing in large taxa). The decisive support for the island rule in this study confirms that evolution plays out markedly different on islands and that human impact may obscure even fundamental evolutionary patterns.
Figure 1 in How common is gigantism in insular fossil shrews? Examining the 'Island Rule' in soricids (Mammalia: Soricomorpha) from Mediterranean Islands using new body mass estimation models
Figure 1. Diagram of Mediterranean Islands showing endemic genera and species of soricids from the Plio–Quaternary to the present: white shrew silhouettes, current species; grey shrew silhouettes, extinct or with presence in the fossil record. From west to east: species of Nesiotites (extinct) from the Gymnesic Islands; species of Asoriculus (extinct) from the Corso-Sardinian complex; Asoriculus burgioi (extinct) from Sicily; Crocidura sicula sicula (present in the fossil record and extant) and Crocidura sicula esuae (extinct) from the Sicilian–Maltese archipelago; Crocidura zimmermanni (present in the fossil record and extant) from Crete; and Crocidura suaveolens praecypria (extinct) from Cyprus. See text for references.
Figure 2 in How common is gigantism in insular fossil shrews? Examining the 'Island Rule' in soricids (Mammalia: Soricomorpha) from Mediterranean Islands using new body mass estimation models
Figure 2. Chronological framework of the species used in the study: in black, species related to the tribe Nectogalini; in grey, Crocidura species. The circles highlight the species analysed from different sites sorted biochronologically (connected by a thick line), the squares highlight the species analysed from only one site, and the empty squares highlight the mainland (ancestor) species. Below the species: the site, locality, and molar/s used for estimating body mass are listed.
Figure 4 in How common is gigantism in insular fossil shrews? Examining the 'Island Rule' in soricids (Mammalia: Soricomorpha) from Mediterranean Islands using new body mass estimation models
Figure 4. Estimations of body masses (in g) of Nesiotites species (row A, lower molars) and Crocidura zimmermanni (row B, lower molars; and row C, upper molars) from different sites ordered chronologically (see Table 2 for site acronyms). The first column shows the predictions of body mass using all of the estimators (white square, LM1; black circle, WM1; grey circle, TRLM1; grey square, AAM1; white circle, TRAAM1) and the following columns represent each measurement separately (LM1, WM1, TRLM1, AAM1, and TRAAM1, respectively). In order to observe the fluctuation of the points, we linked the points with a line. Dotted lines in Nesiotites diagrams (row A) separate the three statistically different subgroups.
Figure 3 in How common is gigantism in insular fossil shrews? Examining the 'Island Rule' in soricids (Mammalia: Soricomorpha) from Mediterranean Islands using new body mass estimation models
Figure 3. Measurements of mandible, cranium, and postcranial bones. A, cranium: WOC, width of the occipital condyles. B, mandible: TRLM/1, tooth row length of lower molars. C, femur: FL, femur length; FTDp, proximal femoral transversal diameter; FAPDd, distal femoral anteroposterior diameter; FTDd, distal femoral transversal diameter. D, humerus: HL, humerus length; HAPDp, proximal humeral anteroposterior diameter; HAPDd, distal humeral anteroposterior diameter; HTDd, distal humeral transversal diameter. E, tibia: TL, tibia length; TAPDp, proximal tibia anteroposterior diameter; TTDp, proximal tibia transversal diameter; TTDd, distal tibia transversal diameter.
Figure 5 in How common is gigantism in insular fossil shrews? Examining the 'Island Rule' in soricids (Mammalia: Soricomorpha) from Mediterranean Islands using new body mass estimation models
Figure 5. Diagrams comparing the body mass (in g) of extant relatives and fossil species: A, extinct Asoriculus and Nesiotites species and the extant species of the tribe Nectogalini; B, extinct and extant Crocidura species. Lines indicate the body mass range of groups. See the legend for symbols.
Data from: Resurrection of the island rule - human-driven extinctions have obscured a basic evolutionary pattern
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