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41 results for “Lacertids”
How to render species comparable taxonomic units through deep time: A case study on intraspecific osteological variability in extant and extinct lacertid lizards
<p>Generally, the species is considered to be the only naturally occurring taxon. However, species recognized and defined using different species delimitation criteria cannot readily be compared, impacting studies of biodiversity through Deep Time. This comparability issue is particularly marked when comparing extant with extinct species because the only available data for species delimitation in fossils are derived from their preserved morphology, which is generally restricted to osteology in vertebrates. Here, we quantify intraspecific, intrageneric, and intergeneric osteological variability in extant species of lacertid lizards using pairwise dissimilarity scores based on a data set of 253 discrete osteological characters for 99 specimens referred to 24 species. Variability is always significantly lower intraspecifically than between individuals belonging to distinct species of a single genus, which is in turn significantly lower than intergeneric variability. Average values of intraspecific variability and associated standard deviations are consistent (with few exceptions), with an overall average within a species of 0.208 changes per character scored. Application of the same methods to six extinct lacertid species (represented by 40 fossil specimens) revealed that intraspecific osteological variability is inconsistent, which can at least in part be attributed to different researchers having unequal expectations of the skeletal dissimilarity within species units. Such a divergent interpretation of intraspecific and interspecific variability among extant and extinct species reinforces the incomparability of the species unit. Lacertidae is an example where extant species recognized and defined based on a number of delimitation criteria show comparable and consistent intraspecific osteological variability. Here, as well as in equivalent cases, application of those skeletal dissimilarity values to paleontological species delimitation potentially provides a way to ameliorate inconsistencies created by the use of morphology to define species.</p>
Figure 1. A in The relationship between skull morphology, biting performance and foraging mode in Kalahari lacertid lizards
Figure 1. A, phylogenetic relationships among major lizard clades showing the evolution of foraging mode across squamates. The cladogram is based on Estes, de Queiroz & Gauthier (1988). B, phylogenetic relationships among the taxa included in this study. Sit-and-wait foraging (black bars) is presumed to be the basal condition for both Meroles and Pedioplanis. See text for details. The cladogram is based on Arnold (1991).
Figure 3 in The relationship between skull morphology, biting performance and foraging mode in Kalahari lacertid lizards
Figure 3. Scatterplot of snout–vent length (mm) and bite force (Newtons). Without correcting for body size differences, P. namaquensis was significantly different from all other species and P. lineoocellata was significantly different from H. lugubris. After correcting for body size, H. lugubris was significantly different from the other species. The error bars represent standard error. Hl = H. lugubris, Ms = M. suborbitalis, Pl = P. lineoocellata, Pn = P. namaquensis.
Figure 4 in The relationship between skull morphology, biting performance and foraging mode in Kalahari lacertid lizards
Figure 4. Phylogenetic mapping of skull morphology, biting performance, and foraging mode in four lacertid species. A, evolutionary transitions based on the analysis of the raw morphological and bite force data (Table 1, underlining). B, evolutionary changes based on the canonical variates analysis (boxes; Table 3) and size-corrected ANO- VAs (bars and circles; Table 1, lettering). Shared shading or symbols within the circles or boxes indicates no significant difference. The SW and WF species were expected to covary in morphology and biting performance; however, only sizecorrected head length and head width met those predictions. See text for details.
Figure 2 in The relationship between skull morphology, biting performance and foraging mode in Kalahari lacertid lizards
Figure 2. Three-dimensional plot of mean canonical scores of each lacertid species. Hl = Heliobolus lugubris (WF); Ms = Meroles suborbitalis (SW); Pl = Pedioplanis lineoocellata (SW); Pn = Pedioplanis namaquensis (WF).
Walking or hanging: the role of habitat use for body shape evolution in lacertid lizards
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Data from: Context-dependent body size evolution in lacertid lizards: Differential role of structural habitat and climate across radiations
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How to render species comparable taxonomic units through deep time: A case study on intraspecific osteological variability in extant and extinct lacertid lizards
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Dataset The relative importance of body size and UV coloration in influencing male-male competition in a Lacertid lizard
<p>This is the dataset of the paper "The relative importance of body size and UV coloration in influencing male-male competition in a Lacertid lizard" published in Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology by Names et al. (2019). It includes a metadata statement and five data spreadsheets.</p> <p><strong>Abstract of the paper</strong></p> <p>Communication via color signals is common in natural systems. Ultraviolet (UV)-blue patches located on the outer-ventral scales of some Lacertid lizards are thought to be involved in male-male competition. However, the mechanisms that maintain their honesty remain unknown. Here, we use the common wall lizard <em>Podarcis muralis</em> to<br> test whether the lateral UV-blue spots are conventional signals, the honesty of which is guaranteed by receiver-dependent costs, and discuss their potential role as an amplifier of body size. We first described the morphology and reflectance properties of lateral blue spots in common wall lizards and investigated how they influence male-<br> male competition. Spot size and number, UV chroma, and conspicuousness (calculated using vision models) were significantly greater in adult males relative to adult females and adult males relative to juveniles. Total spot area (and not spot number) of adult males was positively correlated with body size. We conducted staged competition encounters between focal males and smaller or larger rivals with control or manipulated spots. Spots were enlarged in small rivals and reduced in large rivals to disrupt the phenotypic correlation between spot area and body size. Aggressiveness and dominance were positively influenced by body size in control encounters. Spot manipulations resulted in greater submission and less aggressiveness in focal males. These results contradict the predictions associated with conventional signals and amplifiers, but suggest that spots contributed to opponent evaluation during short-distance encounters between competing males.</p>
Data from: Context-dependent thermolability of sex determination in a lacertid lizard with heteromorphic sex chromosomes
<p>Developmental conditions can profoundly impact key life history traits of the individual. In cases where offspring sex is driven by developmental reaction norms, permanent changes to the phenotype can fundamentally alter life history trajectories. Sex determination mechanisms in reptiles are remarkable diverse including well-characterized genetic and temperature-dependent sex determination. In rarer, but increasingly more commonly documented cases, sex can also be determined by a combination of the two, with temperature overriding the genetically determined sex. Thus, sex-by-temperature interactions is a mechanism that can be contextually labile, where reaction norms of sex against developmental environment might only be observable under certain conditions. We examine the effects of incubation temperature on hatchling sex in an oviparous lizard with clearly defined heteromorphic sex chromosomes presumed to determine sex solely on a genetic basis. We also test the repeatability of our results by replicating incubation experiments across three years. We show that warmer temperatures may override chromosomal sex and cause overproduction of daughters. However, this effect was inconsistent among years, with high temperature only resulting in a daughter-significant bias in one year. Warm-incubated daughters were more efficient at converting yolk into tissue, which would allow for greater resource allocation to other fitness-related processes, such as growth. This suggests that thermolabile sex determination could be a trait under selection. More energy-efficient embryos also produced faster-growing offspring, suggesting that energy utilization patterns of the embryo were maintained into the juvenile stage, which could have important implications for the ontogenetic development and evolution of life histories.</p>
Data from: Context-dependent thermolability of sex determination in a lacertid lizard with heteromorphic sex chromosomes
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Data from: Matrix correspondence tests on the DNA phylogeny of the Tenerife lacertid elucidate both historical causes and morphological adaptation
Previous studies using partial regression Mantel tests of matrix correspondence on within-island geographic variation in the color pattern of the Tenerife (Canary Islands) lacertid lizard (Gallotia galloti) support natural selection for different north--south climatically determined biotopes but do not support any historical cause. However, tests on the DNA phylogeny based primarily on population data from 57 localities on Tenerife support the hypothesis that there were populations on two putative precursor islands that have come into secondary contact and introgressed after these islands were joined to form Tenerife by the eruption of the Canadas edifice. Subsequent partial Mantel tests continue to support the hypothesis that color pattern is adapted to the climatic biotopes even when this phylogenetic information is taken into account by (1) testing for color pattern adaptation separately within each lineage and (2) testing for color pattern adaptation across the entire island while considering the molecular phylogenetic relationships as representing an alternative explanation. Selection has largely expunged any trace of the geological history from current morphological variation, and the introgression of these island populations after an estimated 0.7 million years of separation gives an insight into the relationships between allopatric divergence and reproductive isolation.
FIGURE 1 in Taxonomic adjustments in the systematics of the southern African lacertid lizards (Sauria: Lacertidae)
FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic relationships of the southern African clade of lacertid lizards (Lacertidae: Eremiadini) estimated from four mitochondrial and nuclear markers (Bayesian topology estimated using a nucleotide substitution model shown). Nodes that are supported using Bayesian inference (posterior probabilities> 0.95) using nucleotide substitution models and maximum likelihood (bootstrap values>75%) using GTR+I+G nucleotide substitution model are shown at nodes (post. prob. using nucleotide-substitution model/bootstrap value for ML). A dash indicates that the node was not supported for the particular analysis. Species highlighted in grey are those species which are reclassified in this study. Stars next to species names indicate presence of gular fold; circles indicate presence of collar and a star within a circle indicate the presence of both a gular fold and a collar.
Data, scripts and supplementary materials for "Color polymorphism and conspicuousness do not increase speciation rates in Lacertids" (de Solan et al. 2023)
<p>This data_and_script file contain the phylogeny and coloration data, as well as the R script used in the article "Color polymorphism and conspicuousness do not increase speciation rates in Lacertids".</p><p>The other file contain the supplementary materials for the publication.</p>
FIGURE 9 in The osteology of the lacertid genus Darevskia Arribas, 1999 (Squamata, Lacertidae)
FIGURE 9. Left clavicle, interclavicle (right side not represented) and sternal fontanelle shape variation. The sternal fontanelles are represented to the right and below the interclavicle, not in their anatomical position (towards the tip of the posterior branch of the interclavicle—see Fig. 1—). Left column (from top to bottom): D. r. rudis (rudi), D. o. bischoffi (bisc), D. o. obscura (obsc), D. o. macromaculata (macr). Central column (top to bottom): D. mirabilis (mira), D. 'r.' chechenica (chec), D.'r.' svanetica (svan), D. r. bolkardaghica (bolk). Right side (top to bottom): D. b. bithynica (bith), D. b. tristis (tris), D. portschinskii (port), D. parvula (parv).
FIGURE 2 in The osteology of the lacertid genus Darevskia Arribas, 1999 (Squamata, Lacertidae)
FIGURE 2. Postfrontal, postorbital and squamosal shapes, processes and overlaps among them. The anteromedial process of the postorbital, hidden under the postfrontal, is showed outlined and without stippled. Left side (from top to bottom): Darevskia clarkorum (clar), D. mixta (mixt), D. dryada (drya), D. derjugini (derj), D. daghestanica (dagh), D. daghestanica (dagh) (variation: note the presence of a supernumerary postorbital), Right side (from top to bottom): D. caucasica (cauc), D. c. vedenica (vede), D. chlorogaster (chlo), D. raddei (radd), D. r. vanensis (vane), D. nairensis (nair).
FIGURE 11 in The osteology of the lacertid genus Darevskia Arribas, 1999 (Squamata, Lacertidae)
FIGURE 11. Details of cleared and stained specimens. A) Asymmetry in the vertebral column, with sacral processes in different vertebrae that lead to a different presacral count in right and left sides in D. clarkorum. B) As A, but in D. saxicola. C) As A and B but in D. portschinskii. D) Forward directed lateral branches of the interclavicle in D. chlorogaster. E) Irregular sternal fontanelle in D. daghestanica. F) Cordiform sternal fontanelle in a triploid hybrid (D. unisexualis x D. nairensis). G) Cordiform sternal fontanelle in D. mixta. H) Odd shaped irregular cordiform sternal fontanelle in D. r. bolkardaghica. I) Bilateral asymmetry in the sternal/xiphisternal formula (3+1 and 2+2) in D. bendimahiensis.
FIGURE 4 in The osteology of the lacertid genus Darevskia Arribas, 1999 (Squamata, Lacertidae)
FIGURE 4. Postfrontal, postorbital and squamosal shapes, processes and overlaps among them. The anteromedial process of the postorbital, hidden under the postfrontal, is showed outlined and without stippled. Left side (from top to bottom): D. r. rudis (rudi), D. o. bischoffi (bisc), D. o. obscura (Georgia) (obsc Ge), D. o. macromaculata (macr), D. mirabilis (mira), Rigth side (from top to bottom): D. 'r.' chechenica (chec), D. 'r.' svanetica (svan), D. o. obscura (Turkey) (obsc Tk), D. r. bolkardaghica (bolk), D. b. bithynica (bith), D. b. tristis (tris).
FIGURE 5 in The osteology of the lacertid genus Darevskia Arribas, 1999 (Squamata, Lacertidae)
FIGURE 5. Postfrontal, postorbital and squamosal shapes, processes and overlaps among them. The anteromedial process of the postorbital, hidden under the postfrontal, is showed outlined and without stippled. Left side (from top to bottom): D. portschiskii (port), D. parvula (parv), D. adjarica (Georgia) (adja Ge), D. adjarica (Turkey) (adja tr), D. tuniyevi (Ardahan, Turkey) (tuni), Right side (from top to bottom): D. nairensis (nair), D. o. bischoffi (bisc), D. clarkorum (clar), D. r. lantzicyreni (lant), D. josefschmidtleri (jose).
FIGURE 7 in The osteology of the lacertid genus Darevskia Arribas, 1999 (Squamata, Lacertidae)
FIGURE 7. Left clavicle, interclavicle (right side not represented) and sternal fontanelle shape variation. The sternal fontanelles are represented to the right and below the interclavicle, not in their anatomical position (towards the tip of the posterior branch of the interclavicle—see Fig. 1—). Left column (from top to bottom): D. dryada (drya), D. mixta (mixt), D. clarkorum (clar) and D. derjugini (derj). Central column (top to bottom): D. daghestanica (dagh), D. c. caucasica (cauc), D. c. vedenica (vede), D. chlorogaster (chlo). Right column (top to bottom): D. r. raddei (radd), D. r. vanensis (vane), D. nairensis (nair), D. defilippi (defi).
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