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19 results for “Lachenalia”
A new sectional classification of Lachenalia (Asparagaceae) based on a multilocus DNA phylogeny
<p><i>Lachenalia</i><b> </b>J.Jacq. ex Murray (Asparagaceae; Scilloideae; Hyacintheae) is a large and morphologically diverse genus of more than 140 bulbous species endemic to southern Africa. Previous attempts to infer a well resolved and robustly supported phylogeny of <i>Lachenalia</i> using Sanger sequencing of candidate loci and/or morphological characters have been largely unsuccessful. Consequently, the current infrageneric classification is artificial and there is a need to explore alternative avenues to produce a phylogenetic classification. In this paper we present a novel phylogenetic hypothesis for <i>Lachenalia</i> inferred using maximum likelihood and coalescent-based species tree estimation (ASTRAL) as applied to 378 hybrid-enrichment loci. Our tree is well resolved and well supported, providing strong support for a monophyletic radiation of the genus in southern Africa and a solid foundation for a revised infrageneric classification. The well-supported placement of <i>L. isopetala</i> Jacq. as sister to <i>Lachenalia</i> + <i>Massonia</i> supports the establishment of a new monotypic genus, <i>Pseudolachenalia</i> G.D.Duncan, to accommodate this species. Conversely, the inclusion of species previously classified as <i>Polyxena</i> Kunth within the <i>Lachenalia</i> clade supports the transfer of these species to <i>Lachenalia</i>. Within <i>Lachenalia</i>, the delimitation of subgenera and sections is complicated by the highly imbalanced character of the phylogeny and by the high levels of homoplasy shown by most morphological characters traditionally used to delimit species in this group. Nonetheless, we propose an infrageneric taxonomy comprising 10 morphologically distinct, monophyletic sections. The largest of these, section <i>Lachenalia</i>, is further divided into 13 more-or-less diagnosable, monophyletic subsections. Keys to the sections of <i>Lachenalia</i>, and to the subsections of section <i>Lachenalia</i>, are provided.</p>
FIGURE 4. Lachenalia adamii, drawn from Harrower 4977. A. Flowering plant with bulblets. B in Two new species, two rediscoveries and a range extension in Lachenalia (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae) from southern and western South Africa
FIGURE 4. Lachenalia adamii, drawn from Harrower 4977. A. Flowering plant with bulblets. B. Single flower in lateral view. C. Dissected flower in lateral view. Scale bars: 10 mm. Illustration by Vicki Thomas.
FIGURE 3 in Two new species, two rediscoveries and a range extension in Lachenalia (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae) from southern and western South Africa
FIGURE 3. Distribution of Lachenalia barbarae (black dot) in southern South Africa and Lachenalia adamii (black star) in western South Africa.
FIGURE 5 in Two new species, two rediscoveries and a range extension in Lachenalia (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae) from southern and western South Africa
FIGURE 5. Lachenalia adamii, view of plants leafing out in shale scree, Oorlogskloof Nature Reserve, northwestern Cape (A.) and flowering plants in cultivation (B.). Photographs by Adam Harrower.
FIGURE 2 in Two new species, two rediscoveries and a range extension in Lachenalia (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae) from southern and western South Africa
FIGURE 2. Lachenalia barbarae, general view of quartz habitat in Eastern Rûens Shale Renosterveld, Haarwegskloof Renosterveld Reserve, southern Cape (A.) and flowering plants (B, C). Photographs by Graham Duncan.
FIGURE 1. Lachenalia barbarae, drawn from Groenewald s.n. A. Flowering plant. B in Two new species, two rediscoveries and a range extension in Lachenalia (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae) from southern and western South Africa
FIGURE 1. Lachenalia barbarae, drawn from Groenewald s.n. A. Flowering plant. B. Single flower in lateral view. C. Single flower in front view. Scale bars: 10 mm. Illustration byVicki Thomas.
Fig. 2 in Ultrastructure of somatic embryo development and plant propagation for Lachenalia montana
Fig. 2. The effect of MS medium salt concentrations, sucrose and PG on the germination of somatic embryos of L. montana. The results are expressed as the means with SE from five replicates per treatment. The data were recorded after 8 weeks of culture. Means ± SE followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the 5% level as determined by Duncan's multiple range test.
Fig. 4 in Ultrastructure of somatic embryo development and plant propagation for Lachenalia montana
Fig. 4. TEM analyses of different developmental stages of somatic embryos of L. montana. Formation of cell with large vacuole (V), mitochondria (M), nucleus (N) and nucleolus (NU) in globular embryos (Bar, 0.5 μm) (A). More vacuolated with cytoplasmic organelles in SM regions of pear-shaped (Bar, 0.5 μm) (B) and early torpedo-shaped (Bar, 0.5 μm) (C) embryos. Development of cytoplasmic components with nucleus (N), nucleolus (NU), Golgi apparatuses (GA), mitochondria (M) and chloroplasts (CP) in SM regions of torpedo (Bar, 0.5 μm and 0.2 μm) (D) and cotyledonary embryos (Bar, 0.5 μm) (E). Large intercellular spaces (IS) and thick cell wall (CW) in connective regions of SM and RM of cotyledonary embryos (Bar, 0.5 μm and 0.2 μm) (F). Development of thick IS and CW with cytoplasmic components of mitochondria, starch grains (SG) and plastids (PS) in RMs of torpedo (Bar, 0.2 μm) (G) and cotyledonary (Bar, 0.5 μm and 0.2 μm) (H) embryos.
Fig. 1 in Ultrastructure of somatic embryo development and plant propagation for Lachenalia montana
Fig. 1. In vitro plant regeneration from somatic embryos in cell suspension culture of L. montana: A. Production of FEC on solid MS medium plus 35 g L −1, 10 μM 2,4-D and 2 μM TDZ. B. Formation of white and soft embryo stages in MSL after 3 weeks of culture. C. Different developmental stages of somatic embryos on MSL medium plus 1 μM 2,4-D and 0.5 μM TDZ after 6 weeks of culture. D. Proliferation and germination of embryos on MSL containing 0.5 μM 2,4-D and 1 μM TDZ. E. Germination of SEs on MSL plus 1 μM 2,4-D and 2 μM TDZ. F. Germination of clustered SEs in solid MS medium containing 15 g L −1 sucrose and 10 μM PG. G. Germinated SEs on plant induction medium. H and I. Well-developed plantlets from plant induction medium. J. Acclimatized plants of L. montana in the greenhouse after 3 months.
FIGURE 2 in Lachenalia arenicola (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae), a new species from western South Africa
FIGURE 2. Known distribution of Lachenalia arenicola in the Western and Northern Cape, South Africa.
FIGURE 1 in Lachenalia arenicola (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae), a new species from western South Africa
FIGURE 1. Flowering plant of Lachenalia arenicola near the Groen River, southern Namaqualand. Photograph: Nick Helme.
FIGURE 3 in Four new species and three taxonomic adjustments in Lachenalia (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae) from southern and western South Africa
FIGURE 3. Lachenalia rogersii in Breede Shale Renosterveld in the Breede River Valley near Tulbagh (A); Lachenalia glaucina from Cecilia Forest Station, southern Cape Peninsula, in cultivation (B); Lachenalia parviflora from Woodstock, northeastern Cape Peninsula, in cultivation (C). Photographs: Graham Duncan.
FIGURE 2 in Four new species and three taxonomic adjustments in Lachenalia (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae) from southern and western South Africa
FIGURE 2. Distribution of Lachenalia komsbergensis in the southern Great Karoo of the Northern Cape, South Africa (inverted black triangle), Lachenalia inflata in the western Great Karoo, Northern Cape, South Africa (black triangles), Lachenalia granitica along the Cape West Coast, Western Cape, South Africa (black squares) and Lachenalia filamentosa along the Cape West Coast, Breede River Valley and Overberg in the Western Cape, South Africa (black dots).
FIGURE 1 in Four new species and three taxonomic adjustments in Lachenalia (Asparagaceae: Scilloideae) from southern and western South Africa
FIGURE 1. Lachenalia komsbergensis: detail of three flowering racemes in cultivation (A); single plant flowering in beige alluvium, Komsberg Pass (B); general view of Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld habitat, Komsberg Pass (C). Lachenalia inflata: single flowering plant in red sand north of Middelpos (D); single flowering plant in red clay west of Calvinia (E); general view of Roggeveld Karoo habitat north of Middelpos (F). Lachenalia granitica: detail of flowering spike in cultivation, with arrow showing a very long bract (G); flowering plant from Vredenburg in cultivation (H); spike of flowering and fruiting plant in Saldanha Granite Strandveld habitat near Vredenburg (I). Lachenalia filamentosa: flowering plants from Riviersonderend in cultivation (J); single flowering plant from De Hoop Nature Reserve in cultivation (K); two plants in early fruiting stage in De Hoop Limestone Fynbos habitat, De Hoop Nature Reserve (L). Photographs: A-D, F-K by Graham Duncan; E by Adam Harrower; L by David Gwynne-Evans.
A new sectional classification of Lachenalia (Asparagaceae) based on a multilocus DNA phylogeny
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Table 2 in Ultrastructure of somatic embryo development and plant propagation for Lachenalia montana
<p><b>Table 2</b> Enhancement of somatic embryos and germination frequency in cell suspension culture from friable embryogenic callus (FEC) of L. montana.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Sucrose (g L <i>−</i> 1) + PGR (μM) in solid MS medium</th><th>PGR (μM) in liquid MS medium</th><th>Liquid MS medium (MSL)</th><th>Number of SEs/SCV developmental stage</th><th>Germination (%)</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>6 weeks of culture</th><td>4 weeks of culture</td><td>2 weeks of culture</td><td>Globular</td><td>Different stages of embryo*</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>35 + 10 picloram + 2 BA</th><td>1 picloram</td><td>MSL</td><td>10.0 e</td><td>6.4 e</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>1 2,4-D</td><td>MSL</td><td>14.4 cd</td><td>9.0 cd</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>1 2,4-D + 0.5 BA</td><td>MSL</td><td>15.0 cd</td><td>9.8 cd</td><td>7.2 e</td></tr><tr><td>1 2,4-D + 0.5 <i>m</i> TR</td><td>MSL</td><td>7.8 f</td><td>6.0 e</td><td>8.6 de</td></tr><tr><td>1 2,4-D + 0.5 TDZ</td><td>MSL</td><td>18.0 b</td><td>12.4 b</td><td>14.0 ab</td></tr><tr><th>35 + 10 2,4-D + 2 TDZ</th><td>1 picloram</td><td>MSL</td><td>6.8 fg</td><td>3.0 f</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>1 2,4-D</td><td>MSL</td><td>16.0 cd</td><td>6.8 e</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><td>1 2,4-D + 0.5 BA</td><td>MSL</td><td>18.4 b</td><td>10.0 c</td><td>11.4 c</td></tr><tr><td>1 2,4-D + 0.5 <i>m</i> TR</td><td>MSL</td><td>10.2 e</td><td>6.8 e</td><td>14.3 ab</td></tr><tr><td>1 2,4-D + 0.5 TDZ</td><td>MSL</td><td>21.4 a</td><td>14.6 a</td><td>15.2 a</td></tr></tbody></table><p>PGR = Plant growth regulator. <sub>MSL</sub> = Liquid MS medium.SEs = Somatic embryos.SCV = Settled cell volume.*Different stages of embryo = pear-shaped, early torpedo-shaped, torpedoshaped and cotyledonary-stage embryos. Values with the means derived from 5 replicate (each 500 mg FEC) with 1000 μL SCV of embryogenic suspension cells per replicate. Mean values followed by same letters in each column are not significantly different according to the Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level.</p>
Table 1 in Ultrastructure of somatic embryo development and plant propagation for Lachenalia montana
<p><b>Table 1</b> Effect of sucrose and growth regulators on friable embryogenic callus (FEC) production for somatic embryo (SE) development with 6 weeks of incubation in cell suspension culture of L. montana.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Sucrose (g L <i>−</i> 1) + PGR (μM) in solid MS medium</th><th>Number of SEs/SCV developmental stage</th><th>Germination (%)</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>6 weeks of culture</th><td>Globular</td><td>Different stages of embryo*</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Control</th><td>0</td><td>0</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><th>30 + 10 2,4-D</th><td>4.0 ef</td><td>3.0 gh</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><th>35 + 10 2,4-D</th><td>6.2 de</td><td>4.6 ef</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><th>40 + 10 2,4-D</th><td>7.8 cd</td><td>6.4 de</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><th>35 + 10 2,4-D + 2 BA</th><td>9.4 c</td><td>8.0 c</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><th>35 + 10 2,4-D + 2 TDZ</th><td>14.8 ab</td><td>9.8 a</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><th>30 + 10 picloram</th><td>3.6 f</td><td>2.0 h</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><th>35 + 10 picloram</th><td>7.2 cd</td><td>5.0 ef</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><th>40 + 10 picloram</th><td>10.4 c</td><td>6.6 de</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><th>35 + 10 picloram + 2 BA</th><td>16.2 a</td><td>9.2 ab</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><th>35 + 10 picloram + 2 TDZ</th><td>9.8 c</td><td>7.0 cd</td><td>0</td></tr></tbody></table><p>FEC = Friable embryogenic callus. PGR = Plant growth regulator.SEs = Somatic embryos. SCV = Settled cell volume. *Different stages of embryo = pear-shaped, early torpedoshaped, torpedo-shaped and cotyledonary-stage embryos. Values with the means derived from 5 replicate (each 500 mg FEC) with 1000 μL SCV of embryogenic suspension cells per replicate. Mean values followed by same letters in each column are not significantly different according to the Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level.</p>
Fig. 3 in Ultrastructure of somatic embryo development and plant propagation for Lachenalia montana
Fig. 3. Histological (LS) analyses of different developmental stages of somatic embryos of L. montana. Globular embryo containing meristematic cellular ovate regions (MCO) with smaller to larger isodiametric cells, intense cell division with two celled (TC) and four celled (FC) with vacuolated and intercellular space (IS) (A). The bipolar structure with both shoot (SM) and root (RM) meristems of pear-shaped (B), early torpedo-shaped (C), torpedo-shaped (D) and cotyledonary stage (E) embryos. Epidermis (EP), procambial strands (PS) and vascular tissues (VT) in SM regions of early-torpedo (F) and cotyledonary stage (G) embryos.The torpedo-shaped embryo showing RM with xylem-like pattern and root cap (RC) (H). Cotyledonary stage embryo showing RM with root hair (RH), epidermis, cortex (C) and vascular cylinder (VC) in RM regions (I). Bar (A) 500 μm, (B–E) 500 μm and (F–I) 100 μm.
Table 3 in Ultrastructure of somatic embryo development and plant propagation for Lachenalia montana
<p><b>Table 3</b> Enhancement of somatic embryos (SEs) and germination frequency in cell suspension culture from friable embryogenic callus (FEC) of L. montana.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Sucrose (g L <i>−</i> 1) + PGR (μM) in solid MS medium</th><th>PGR (μM) in liquid MS medium</th><th>Liquid MS medium (MSL)</th><th>Number of SEs/SCV developmental stage</th><th>Germination (%)</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>6 weeks of culture</th><td>4 weeks of culture</td><td>2 weeks of culture</td><td>Globular</td><td>Different stages of embryo*</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>35 + 10 2,4-D + 2 TDZ</th><td>0.5 2,4-D + 1 BA</td><td>MSL</td><td>17.6 b</td><td>9.4 c</td><td>23.0 de</td></tr><tr><td>0.5 2,4-D + 1 <i>m</i> TR</td><td>MSL</td><td>13.2 cd</td><td>8.0 cd</td><td>22.6 e</td></tr><tr><td>0.5 2,4-D + 1 TDZ</td><td>MSL</td><td>26.0 a</td><td>19.4 a</td><td>24.2 d</td></tr><tr><td>1 2,4-D + 1 BA</td><td>MSL</td><td>10.6 e</td><td>7.4 de</td><td>24.4 d</td></tr><tr><td>1 2,4-D + 1 <i>m</i> TR</td><td>MSL</td><td>9.8 ef</td><td>6.2 e</td><td>23.7 de</td></tr><tr><td>1 2,4-D + 1 TDZ</td><td>MSL</td><td>15.4 c</td><td>9.6 c</td><td>32.0 b</td></tr><tr><td>1 2,4-D + 2 BA</td><td>MSL</td><td>7.0 gh</td><td>6.6 e</td><td>22.1 e</td></tr><tr><td>1 2,4-D + 2 <i>m</i> TR</td><td>MSL</td><td>5.6 h</td><td>7.8 de</td><td>26.9 c</td></tr><tr><td>1 2,4-D + 2 TDZ</td><td>MSL</td><td>9.0 ef</td><td>11.8 b</td><td>34.7 a</td></tr></tbody></table><p>PGR = Plant growth regulator. <sub>MSL</sub> = Liquid MS medium. SEs = Somatic embryos. SCV = Settled cell volume. *Different stages of embryo = pear-shaped, early torpedo-shaped, torpedoshaped and cotyledonary-stage embryos. Values with the means derived from 5 replicate (each 500 mg FEC) with 1000 μL SCV of embryogenic suspension cells per replicate.Mean values followed by same letters in each column are not significantly different according to the Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level.</p>
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