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19 results for “Land colonization”
Data from: Strangers in a strange land: Ecological dissimilarity to metatherian carnivores may partly explain early colonization of South America by Cyonasua-group procyonids
It was once thought that the endemic carnivorous mammals of South America, the metatherian sparassodonts, were driven extinct by North American carnivores through competitive exclusion. However, sparassodonts went extinct before most groups of carnivorans entered South America; only the endemic Cyonasua-group procyonids (Cyonasua and Chapalmalania), which immigrated to South America nearly four million years earlier than other carnivorans, significantly overlapped with sparassodonts in time. In this study, we examine the functional morphology of the dentition of Cyonasua and Chapalmalania through quantitative analysis to determine the dietary habits of these taxa and the degree to which they may have ecologically overlapped sparassodonts and large predatory Neogene didelphimorphians. We find Cyonasua and Chapalmalania to be more carnivorous than extant procyonids other than Bassariscus, in agreement with previous studies, but more omnivorous than most other carnivorans and all meat-eating South American metatherians, including sparassodonts. The extreme ecological dissimilarity between Cyonasua-group procyonids and members of the endemic South American predator guild may explain why procyonids were able to successfully establish themselves in South America several million years earlier than most other northern mammals (including all other carnivorans): they moved into a previously unoccupied ecological niche (large omnivore) and avoided direct competition with incumbent native species, a situation similar to that documented in historical cases of biological invasion. The omnivorous diets and climbing/swimming abilities of procyonids may have increased their chances for a successful over-water dispersal relative to other carnivorans, further favoring their successful establishment in South America.
Data for: Reproductive colonization of land by frogs: Embryos and larvae excrete urea to avoid ammonia toxicity
<p>Vertebrate colonization of land occurred multiple times, including over 50 origins of terrestrial eggs in frogs. Some environmental factors and phenotypic responses that facilitated these transitions are known, but responses to water constraints and risk of ammonia toxicity during early development are poorly understood. We tested if ammonia accumulation and dehydration risk induce a shift from ammonia to urea excretion during in early stages of four anurans, from three origins of terrestrial development. We quantified ammonia and urea concentrations during early development on land, under well-hydrated and dry conditions. Where we found urea excretion, we tested for a plastic increase under dry conditions and with ammonia accumulation in developmental environments. We assessed the potential adaptive role of urea excretion by comparing ammonia tolerance measured in 96h-LC<sub>50</sub> tests with ammonia levels in developmental environments. Ammonia accumulated in foam nests and perivitelline fluid, increasing over development and reaching higher concentrations under dry conditions. All four species showed high ammonia tolerance, compared to fishes and aquatic-breeding frogs. Both nest-dwelling larvae of <em>Leptodactylus fragilis</em> and late embryos of <em>Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni</em> excreted urea, showing a plastic increase under dry conditions. These two species can develop the longest on land and urea excretion appears adaptive, preventing their exposure to potentially lethal levels of ammonia. Neither late embryos of <em>Agalychnis callidryas</em> nor nest-dwelling larvae of <em>Engystomops pustulosus</em> experienced toxic ammonia levels under dry conditions, and neither excreted urea. Our results suggests that an early onset of urea excretion, its increase under dry conditions, and elevated ammonia tolerance, can all help prevent ammonia toxicity during terrestrial development. High ammonia represents a general risk for development which may be exacerbated as climate change increases dehydration risk for terrestrial-breeding frogs. It may also be a cue that elicits adaptive physiological responses during early development.</p>
Fig. 6 in New evidence for an Anatolian bridge: Colonization of Euromediterranean lands by cave-adapted Plusiocampinae (Diplura, Campodeidae), with establishment of a new genus
Fig. 6. SEM micrographs of Anatoliacampa diclensis Sendra, Tusun & Satar gen. et sp. nov. (a) Right eversible vesicle on an abdominal segment. (b) Right stylus on abdominal segment IV. Abbreviations: a, apical; sa, subapical; and m, medial macrosetae.
Fig. 1 in New evidence for an Anatolian bridge: Colonization of Euromediterranean lands by cave-adapted Plusiocampinae (Diplura, Campodeidae), with establishment of a new genus
Fig. 1. SEM micrographs of Anatoliacampa diclensis Sendra, Tusun & Satar gen. et sp. nov. (a) Cupuliform organ of the apical antennomere. (b) Detail of sensilla of the cupuliform organ. (c) Lateral view of the apical antennomere. (d) Glandular setae on the exterior rim of the cupuliform organ. (e) Detail of apical portion of glandular setae. (f) Detail of medial portion of gouge sensilla.
Fig. 2 in New evidence for an Anatolian bridge: Colonization of Euromediterranean lands by cave-adapted Plusiocampinae (Diplura, Campodeidae), with establishment of a new genus
Fig. 2. SEM micrographs of Anatoliacampa diclensis Sendra, Tusun & Satar gen. et sp. nov. (a) Medial antennomeres. (b) Proximal antennomeres. (c) Distal gouge sensilla on a medial antennomere. (d) Detail of central portion of gouge sensilla. Abbreviation: ft, flagellum of the trichobothria.
Fig. 5 in New evidence for an Anatolian bridge: Colonization of Euromediterranean lands by cave-adapted Plusiocampinae (Diplura, Campodeidae), with establishment of a new genus
Fig. 5. Anatoliacampa diclensis Sendra, Tusun & Satar gen. et sp. nov. (a) Urosternite I of the male, 6- paratype (MZB (MCNB) 2022-5694). (b) Urosternite I of the female, ♀- holotype (DUZM-2121). Abbreviation: a1, glandular a1 setae.
Fig. 9 in New evidence for an Anatolian bridge: Colonization of Euromediterranean lands by cave-adapted Plusiocampinae (Diplura, Campodeidae), with establishment of a new genus
Fig. 9. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree obtained from CO1 sequence data showing significant (>70) bootstrap support values. Anatoliacampa clustered with Plusiocampinae representatives from Turkey and Bulgaria.
Fig. 8 in New evidence for an Anatolian bridge: Colonization of Euromediterranean lands by cave-adapted Plusiocampinae (Diplura, Campodeidae), with establishment of a new genus
Fig. 8. Colonization way of Euromediterranean lands during the end of the Oligocene, 25 m. a. Abbreviations, taxonomic groups: Ces: Cestocampa; Par: Paratachycampa; Pat: Patrizicampa; Sty: Stygiocampa; Cycl: Cycladiacampa irakleiae; Anat: Anatoliacampa diclensis; Red highlights the current distribution of Plusiocampinae in Euromediterranean lands; the red arrow indicates the direction of the Plusiocampinae arrival from East Asia. source map © 2020 Colorado Plateau Geosystems Inc. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 4 in New evidence for an Anatolian bridge: Colonization of Euromediterranean lands by cave-adapted Plusiocampinae (Diplura, Campodeidae), with establishment of a new genus
Fig. 4. SEM micrographs of Anatoliacampa diclensis Sendra, Tusun & Satar gen. et sp. nov., metathoracic leg. (a) Distal portion of the metathoracic leg. (b) Lateral view of pretarsus in upward position. (c) Detail of lateral crest of the pretarsus. (d) Dorsal proximal portion of lateral crest. (e) Lateral view of pretarsus in downward position. (f) Distal portion of the lateral processes of the pretarsus. Abbreviations: dm, dorsal macrosetae; vt, ventral macrosetae.
Fig. 3 in New evidence for an Anatolian bridge: Colonization of Euromediterranean lands by cave-adapted Plusiocampinae (Diplura, Campodeidae), with establishment of a new genus
Fig. 3. Thoracic nota of Anatoliacampa diclensis Sendra, Tusun & Satar gen. et sp. nov., ♀- holotype (DUZM-2121).
Data for: Reproductive colonization of land by frogs: Embryos and larvae excrete urea to avoid ammonia toxicity
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Data from: Strangers in a strange land: Ecological dissimilarity to metatherian carnivores may partly explain early colonization of South America by Cyonasua-group procyonids
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Intersecting Narratives of Resistance: Aimé Césaire's Critique of Colonization in "Notebook of a Return to the Native Land"
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Data from: Phylogenomic insights into the cambrian explosion, the colonization of land and the evolution of flight in arthropoda
The timing of the origin of arthropods in relation to the Cambrian explosion is still controversial, as are the timing of other arthropod macroevolutionary events such as the colonization of land and the evolution of flight. Here we assess the power of a phylogenomic approach to shed light on these major events in the evolutionary history of life on earth. Analyzing a large phylogenomic dataset (122 taxa, 62 genes) with a Bayesian-relaxed molecular clock, we simultaneously reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships and the absolute times of divergences among the arthropods. Simulations were used to test whether our analysis could distinguish between alternative Cambrian explosion scenarios with increasing levels of autocorrelated rate variation. Our analyses support previous phylogenomic hypotheses and simulations indicate a Precambrian origin of the arthropods. Our results provide insights into the 3 independent colonizations of land by arthropods and suggest that evolution of insect wings happened much earlier than the fossil record indicates, with flight evolving during a period of increasing oxygen levels and impressively large forests. These and other findings provide a foundation for macroevolutionary and comparative genomic study of Arthropoda.
Figure 2 from: Ketmaier V, Glaubrecht M (2015) The legacy of the Crusaders: Complex history of colonization and anthropochory in the land snails Levantina (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) in the Eastern Mediterranean. Zoosystematics and Evolution 91(1): 81-89. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.4693
Figure 2 - Historical biogeography in Levantina. On the left is the cladogram (as in Fig. 1 but pruned of the outgroup taxa) summarizing the Bayesian dispersal – vicariance analysis. The distribution of each haplotype and the relative shell shape is summarized in the column to the right of the haplotype identifiers (K = Karpathos Is.; R = Rhodes Is.; S = Symi Is.; N = Nimos Is.; CT = Continental Turkey; IS = Israel). Pie charts and numbers next to them indicate marginal probabilities of alternative ancestral ranges; colors identify the different geographic areas considered and match those in Fig. 1. Roman numbers identify events discussed in the text. On the right is the schematic of the proposed biogeographic history of Levantina. Arrows indicate the direction of the dispersal events inferred by the Bayesian dispersal – vicariance analysis and discussed in the text; roman numbers are the same as in the cladogram shown on the left. The bottom left panel details events within the umbilicate clade (circles), the bottom right panel those within the insular non-umbilicate clade (squares).
Figure 1 from: Ketmaier V, Glaubrecht M (2015) The legacy of the Crusaders: Complex history of colonization and anthropochory in the land snails Levantina (Gastropoda, Pulmonata) in the Eastern Mediterranean. Zoosystematics and Evolution 91(1): 81-89. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.4693
Figure 1 - Evolutionary relationships in Levantina. Numbers at nodes are statistical support for the ML and Bayesian searches (first and second value above branches). Numbers below branches are age estimates in millions of years with the 95% highest posterior density (HPD) credibility interval in parentheses. Age estimates in bold are discussed in details in the text. Haplotype numbering is as in Table 1. The distribution of each haplotype and the relative shell shape is summarized in the column to the right of the haplotype identifiers (K = Karpathos Is.; R = Rhodes Is.; S = Symi Is.; N = Nimos Is.; CT = Continental Turkey; IS = Israel). Pictures illustrate how shell variability (closed or open umbilicus; squares and circles, respectively) is distributed in Levantina and Assyriella.
Data from: Phylogenomic insights into the cambrian explosion, the colonization of land and the evolution of flight in arthropoda
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Fig. 7 in New evidence for an Anatolian bridge: Colonization of Euromediterranean lands by cave-adapted Plusiocampinae (Diplura, Campodeidae), with establishment of a new genus
Fig. 7. Deep zone in Dicle cave, type locality of Anatoliacampa diclensis Sendra, Tusun & Satar gen. et sp. nov.
The land plant-specific MIXTA-MYB lineage is implicated in the early evolution of the plant cuticle and the colonization of land
GEO Series GSE155419. Marchantia polymorpha. 9 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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