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Fig. 7 in A new Late Ordovician bubble-headed trilobite species from South West Wales and its implications for biostratigraphy

Fig. 7. Chart showing the frequency distribution of numbers of denticles on lateral margins of complete librigenae of Staurocephalus oliveae sp. nov. from the upper Katian (Upper Ordovician) Sholeshook Limestone Formation at Talfan Farm, Llanddowror, Carmarthenshire, Wales, UK. n = 36.

Fig. 3 in A new Late Ordovician bubble-headed trilobite species from South West Wales and its implications for biostratigraphy

Fig. 3. Encrinurid trilobite Staurocephalus oliveae sp. nov. from the upper Katian (Upper Ordovician) Sholeshook Limestone Formation at Talfan Farm, Llanddowror, Carmarthenshire, Wales, UK. A. Holotype, NMW 2013.11G.1, cephalon in dorsal (A1), oblique anterolateral (A2), and frontal (A3) views. B. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.2, cephalon in dorsal (B1), oblique anterolateral (B2), and dorsolateral (B3) views. C. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.6, cranidium in dorsal view. D. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.7, partial cranidium, dorsal view of internal mould (D1), ventral view of external mould (D2), and latex cast of external mould (D3). E. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.8, cephalon, external mould in ventral view (E1) and latex cast of external mould (E2). F. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.9, genal angle of cranidium, showing marginal denticles decreasing in size posteriorly. Scale bars 2 mm, except F 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in A new Late Ordovician bubble-headed trilobite species from South West Wales and its implications for biostratigraphy

Fig. 6. Historic specimens of the encrinurid trilobite Staurocephalus from museum collections. A. SM A31592, cranidium in dorsal view labelled Staurocephalus cf. murchisoni Barrande" from the Sholeshook Limestone Formation (upper Katian, Upper Ordovician) in the Sholeshook railway cutting, Haverfordwest area, herein assigned to S. oliveae sp. nov.? B. BIRUG 48862, cranidium in dorsal view labelled "Staurocephalus cf. murchisoni" from the lower Tre-wylan Beds (Cautleyan) (upper Katian, Upper Ordovician) in the Llansantffraid-ym-Mechain district of the south-eastern Berwyn Hills, Mid Wales (Whittington 1938: 451, locality 42), herein assigned to S. oliveae sp. nov.? C, D. Specimens from the King collection, Sedgwick Museum, from the (locally) basal Ashgill mudstones (lower Rawtheyan, Ashgill Zone 5) (upper Katian, Upper Ordovician) of Aber Marchnant, Berwyn Hills, Mid Wales, originally identified as Staurocephalus cf. murchisoni by King (1923) and assigned to S. clavifrons by Whittington (1968), herein assigned to S. aff. oliveae. C. SM A39813, incomplete cranidium in dorsal view. D. SM A39814.A, incomplete cranidium in dorsal view (D1) and close up of left genal area (D2) to show large lateral denticles (arrowed). E. SM A31589, dorsal view of incomplete cranidium labelled "Staurocephalus globiceps" from the Marr collection, Sedgwick Museum, from the Slade and Redhill Mudstone Formation at Pelcomb Cross, Haverfordwest, herein assigned to S. cf. clavifrons. Note the prominent genal spine on the right side. Scale bars 1 mm, except D2 0.5 mm.

Fig. 2 in A new Late Ordovician bubble-headed trilobite species from South West Wales and its implications for biostratigraphy

Fig. 2. Stratigraphical column showing the age of the Sholeshook Limestone Formation (in blue) and the underlying and overlying formations together with the shelly and chitinozoan biozonations of the Anglo-Welsh succession. Asterisk shows approximate age of the Talfan Farm locality, in the lower part of the formation (equivalent to Cautleyan Zone 1).

Fig. 5 in A new Late Ordovician bubble-headed trilobite species from South West Wales and its implications for biostratigraphy

Fig. 5. Reconstruction drawings of the encrinurid trilobite Staurocephalus oliveae sp. nov. A. Cephalon, in anterior (A1), left lateral (A2), ventral (A3), and dorsal (A4) views. B. Pygidium, in ventral (B1) and dorsal (B2) views. Cephalon has a mean maximum width (tr.) of 10.15 mm; pygidium has a mean maximum width (tr.) of 3.96 mm.

Fig. 4 in A new Late Ordovician bubble-headed trilobite species from South West Wales and its implications for biostratigraphy

Fig. 4. Encrinurid trilobite Staurocephalus oliveae sp. nov. from the upper Katian (Upper Ordovician) Sholeshook Limestone Formation at Talfan Farm, Llanddowror, Carmarthenshire, Wales, UK. A. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.5, rostral plate in ventral view. B. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.3, right librigena in lateral view. C. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.10, left librigena in lateral view. D. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.12, right librigena in lateral view. E. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.13, thoracic segment in dorsal view. F. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.4, pygidium in dorsal view. G. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.11, pygidium in dorsal view. H. Paratype, NMW 2013.11G.15, pygidium in ventral view of external mould (H1) and latex cast of external mould (H2). Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 8 in A new Late Ordovician bubble-headed trilobite species from South West Wales and its implications for biostratigraphy

Fig. 8. Graph showing the number of lateral denticles on librigenae of various Staurocephalus species through time. Circle represents the mean, vertical lines the range where one was observed in that species. Chatterton and Campbell (1980) described S. struszi as having "twelve (possibly eleven on some specimens)" denticles. Species names in black font represent occurrences in England and Wales, those in red font occur outside Avalonia. Note that Cautleyan and Rawtheyan are regional stages from the AngloWelsh chronostratigraphy and belong in the upper part of the international Katian Stage. The remaining stages are international. The Telychian is approximately twice the length of the other stages (e.g., Ogg et al. 2008: fig. 1.1), hence the wider spacing allocated to it.

Fig. 2 in Late Ordovician trilobites from the Xiazhen Formation in Zhuzhai, Jiangxi Province, China

Fig. 2. Outcrop photographs of sampling localities. Hammer in C, E, and F is about 26 cm long. A. Mudstone outcrop at locality 2; water bottle in the elipse is about 20 cm high. B. Close−up view of mudstone at locality 2; pen is about 13.5 cm long. C. Mudstone outcrop at locality 1. D. Brachiopod lag deposit supposedly underlying mudstone at locality 1; camera lens cap is about 5 cm in diameter. E. Mudstone outcrop at locality 3; a trench was dug to collect specimens. F. Mudstone outcrop at locality 4.

Fig. 1 in Late Ordovician trilobites from the Xiazhen Formation in Zhuzhai, Jiangxi Province, China

Fig. 1. Location of trilobite collecting localities at Zhuzhai, Jiangxi Province, China. GPS coordinate of the locality 2 is 28°34'23.27" N and 118°20'16.50" E. A. The map of China showing the sampling locality (the black rectangle). B. The magnified view of the rectangled area in A. C. Geologic map of the sampling locality.

Fig. 6 in Late Ordovician trilobites from the Xiazhen Formation in Zhuzhai, Jiangxi Province, China

Fig. 6. Late Ordovician trilobites from Xiazhen Formation near Zhuzhai, Yushan County, China. A–E. Meitanillaenus? sp. A. NIGP−151995, cranidium from locality 3; dorsal (A1) and anterior (A2) views. B. NIGP−151996, cranidium from locality 3; dorsal (B1) and lateral (B2) views. C. NIGP−151997, cranidium from locality 3, dorsal view. D. NIGP−151998, cranidium from locality 3, dorsal view. E. NIGP−151999, cranidium from locality 3, dorsal view. F. Amphilichas sp., NIGP−152000, cranidium from locality 3; dorsal (F1), oblique posterior (F2), anterior (F3), and lateral (F4) views. G. Eokosovopeltis sp., NIGP−152001, pygidium from locality 2, dorsal view. H. Eokosovopeltis cf. currajongensis (Edgecombe and Webby, 2007), NIGP− 152002, pygidium from a limestone layer overlying the mudstone at locality 1, dorsal view. I. Styginidae indet. sp. B, NIGP−152003, hypostome from locality 3, ventral view. J. Styginidae indet. sp. A, NIGP−152004, incomplete thoraco−pygidium with four thoracic segments from locality 3, dorsal view. K, M. Asaphidae indet. K. NIGP−152005, free cheek from locality 2, dorsal view. M. NIGP−152006, pygidium from locality 3, dorsal view. L. Nileus sp., NIGP−152007, articulated specimen minus free cheeks from locality 2; posterior (L1), anterior (L2), lateral (L3), and dorsal (L4) views. Scale bars 2.5 mm, except E, F, I 1 mm; G, H, K 5 mm.

Fig. 3 in Late Ordovician trilobites from the Xiazhen Formation in Zhuzhai, Jiangxi Province, China

Fig. 3. Reconstruction of new species described from the Late Ordovician Xiazhen Formation; all drawings are not to scale. A. Remopleurides xiazhenensis sp. nov., dorsal view of exoskeleton (A1), and dorsal (A2) and ventral (A3) view of thoracic segments; exact extent of thoracic axial spine in A1 is not known and articulating half ring is reconstructed as if the anterior margin is broadly notched (see text for details). B. Hibbertia aodiensis sp. nov., dorsal view of exoskeleton; pits and caeca are omitted. C. Vietnamia yushanensis sp. nov., dorsal view of exoskeleton (C1) and lateral view of thoracic segments (C2); granules (see Fig. 9N) are omitted. D. Ceraurinus zhuzhaiensis sp. nov., dorsal view of exoskeleton; granules (see Fig. 10B1, B3) are omitted. E. Pliomerina tashanensis sp. nov., dorsal view of cranidium.

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Data from: Katian (Late Ordovician) trilobites of the North Qilian Mountains and their palaeogeographical implications for the Proto-Tethys Archipelagic Ocean (PTAO)

Trilobites from the middle Koumenzi Formation (Katian, Upper Ordovician) of the North Qilian Mountains, Menyuan, northeastern Qinghai Province are systematically documented for the first time. The fauna consists of five families, seven genera and seven species, amongst which one is new (Remopleurides zhangi sp. nov.), showing a close relationship to those of the Kazakh terranes (such as Chu-Ili terrane, Chingiz-Tarbagatai area and KNNTS (Karatau-Naryn and North-Tien Shan Microcontinents)), North China and Laurentia palaeoplates during the Katian (Late Ordovician). The cluster and Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling analyses of the Middle–Late Ordovician (late Darriwilian–Katian) trilobite faunas with 299 genera or subgenera from 46 horizons of 37 areas, provide valuable information for the palaeogeographical reconstruction of the Proto-Tethys Archipelagic Ocean (PTAO) of this interval. The Qilian terrane and adjacent areas are essential components of the PTAO, some of which include the Qilian terrane (QT), the North Qilian Mountains area (NQ), the Altun faulted terrane (AFT), the Hexi Corridor area (HX) and the East Qinling terrane (EQT). Their relative positions within the PTAO are inferred by the palaeobiogeography of trilobite faunas. Based on further discussions on the spatiotemporal distribution of those faunas, the Pliomerina and/or Sinocybele Province of the Middle–Late Ordovician (late Darriwilian–Katian) age is defined as a trilobite faunal province of the PTAO. Moreover, a distinct faunal subprovince, essentially comprised of the South China Palaeoplate and its neighbours (e.g. Tarim, Annamia, Sibuma, East Qinling, Turkestan-Alai and probably Talesh), might be surrounded by the equatorial cold-water tongue.

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Data from: Katian (Late Ordovician) trilobites of the North Qilian Mountains and their palaeogeographical implications for the Proto-Tethys Archipelagic Ocean (PTAO)

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FIGURE 1 in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA

FIGURE 1. Rostral plates of species of Pseudocybele Ross, 1951, and Lemureops McAdams and Adrain, 2009. All specimens are currently under study and no species assignments have yet been made. All are from the Fillmore Formation, Tule Valley, Ibex area, Millard County, western Utah, USA. Figures 1, 3, and 4 are from talus on Hintze's (1953) Section H. Figures 2 and 5 are from slopes on east side of Tule Valley. 1. Pseudocybele sp., KUMIP 204531, anterior view, x15. 2. Pseudocybele sp., KUMIP 314564, anterior view, x10. 3. Pseudocybele sp., KUMIP 319909, anterior view, x10. 4. Pseudocybele sp., KUMIP 319907, anterior view, x10. 5. Lemureops sp., KUMIP 204537, anterior view, x12. 6. Lemureops willsonpiperi McAdams and Adrain, 2009, KUMIP 2045333, anterior view, x15.

FIGURE 4 in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA

FIGURE 4. Hypostomes of various species of Cheiruridae. 1, 2. Tesselacauda kriegerae n. sp. (upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Bearriverops alsacharovi Zone). 1. SUI 147614 (see also Pl. 15, figs 1, 5, 9, 13, 17), Section G 26.6 m, x12. 2. SUI 147639 (see also Pl. 18, figs 11, 12, 14, 16), Section HC6 124.0 m, x12. 3, 4. Tesselacauda depressa Ross, 1951 (upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Bearriverops loganensis Zone). 3. SUI 147516 (see also Pl. 2, figs 13–16), Section HC5 106.7 m, x9. 4. SUI 147539 (see also Pl. 5, figs 3, 7, 11, 15, 19), Section MME 75.5 m, x10. 5. Cydonocephalus n. sp. 1, SUI 147657, Antelope Valley For- mation (probably Dapingian), Funeral Mountains, Death Valley National Park, California, x12. 6. Cydonocephalus n. sp. 2, GSC 135352, Table Cove Formation (Darriwilian), near Main Brook, northwestern Newfoundland, Canada, x12. 7. Heliomerinae n. gen. n. sp. 1, SUI 147658, Section H 127.1 m (Floian; Tulean; Heckethornia bowiei Zone), x15. 8. Heliomerinae n. gen. n. sp. 2, SUI 147659, Section H 191.7 m (Floian; Blackhillsian; Bathyurina plicolabeona Zone), x15. 9. Kawina n. sp. 1, SUI 147660, Section K 1.5T m (Dapingian; Pseudoolenoides dilectus Zone), x10. 10. Sycophantia polydora (Billings, 1865), GSC 135353, Table Cove Formation (Darriwilian), near Main Brook, northwestern Newfoundland, Canada, x15. 11. Sphaerexochus n. sp. 1, GSC 135354, Table Cove Formation (Darriwilian), near Main Brook, northwestern Newfoundland, Canada, x20. 12. Kawina n. sp. 2, GSC 135355, Table Cove Formation (Darriwilian), near Main Brook, northwestern Newfoundland, Canada, x12. 13. Forteyops n. sp. 1, SUI 147661, Section H 222.1 m (Floian; Blackhillsian; Carolinites nevadensis Zone), x25. 14. Acanthoparyphinae n. gen. n. sp. 1, SUI 147662, Section J 40.0 m (Floian; Blackhillsian; "Pseudocybele nasuta Zone"), x20.

FIGURE 3 in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA

FIGURE 3. Hypostomes of various species of Pliomeridae. 1. Pseudocybele n. sp. 1, SUI 147649, Section H 301.1 m (Floian; Blackhillsian; "Pseudocybele nasuta Zone"), x7.5. 2. Pseudocybele nasuta Ross, 1951, SUI 147650, Section ROH 70.1T m (Floian; Blackhillsian; "Pseudocybele nasuta Zone"), x12. 3. Pseudocybele n. sp. 2, SUI 147651, Section J 16.1 m (Floian; Blackhillsian; "Pseudocybele nasuta Zone"), x10. 4. Pseudocybele n. sp. 3, SUI 147652, Section J 40.0 m (Floian; Blackhillsian; "Pseudocybele nasuta Zone"), x10. 5. Pseudocybele paranasuta McAdams and Adrain, 2010, SUI 122323, Section H 285.0T m (Floian; Blackhillsian; Pseudocybele paranasuta Zone), x12. 6. Lemureops kilbeyi McAdams and Adrain, 2009, SUI 110183, Section H 191.7 m (Floian; Blackhillsian; Bathyina plicolabeona Zone), x10. 7. Lemureops koppesi McAdams and Adrain, 2009, SUI 110298, Section H 172.5T m (Floian; Blackhillsian; Psalikilus pikum Zone), x12. 8. Lemureops willsonpiperi McAdams and Adrain, 2009, SUI 110259, Section H 264.0–267.0T m (Floian; Blackhillsian; Presbynileus ibexensis Zone), x10. 9. Lemureops lemurei (Hintze, 1953), SUI 110336, Section H 251.4 m (Floian; Blackhillsian; Presbynileus ibexensis Zone), x7.5. 10. Pseudomera n. sp. 2, SUI 147653, Section K 1.5T m (Dapingian; Pseudoolenoides dilectus Zone), x12. 11. Pseudomera n. sp. 3, SUI 147654, Section J 28.1 m (Floian; Blackhillsian; "Pseudocybele nasuta Zone"), x6.5. 12. Ectenonotus n. sp., SUI 147655, Antelope Valley Formation (probably Dapingian), Funeral Mountains, Death Valley National Park, California, x6.5. 13. Kanoshia kanoshensis (Hintze, 1953), SUI 147656, Section K 1.5T m (Dapingian; Pseudoolenoides dilectus Zone), x7.5.

PLATE 17. Tesselacauda kriegerae n in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA

PLATE 17. Tesselacauda kriegerae n. sp., from Section HC6 122.5–124.0 m, Garden City Formation (upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Bearriverops alsacharovi Zone), west side of Hillyard Canyon, Bear River Range, Franklin County, southeastern Idaho, USA. 1, 4, 7. Cranidium, SUI 147628, dorsal, anterior, and left lateral views, x15 (HC6 122.5 m). 2, 5, 8. Cranidium, SUI 147629, dorsal, anterior, and left lateral views, x15 (HC6 124.0 m). 3, 6, 9. Cranidium, SUI 147630, dorsal, anterior, and right lateral views, x20 (HC6 124.0 m). 10, 13, 16. Cranidium, SUI 147631, dorsal, right lateral, and anterior views, x20 (HC6 124.0 m). 11, 12, 14. Cranidium, SUI 147632, dorsal, anterior, and right lateral views, x20 (HC6 124.0 m). 15, 17–20. Hypostome, SUI 147633, ventral, posterior, right lateral, anterior, and dorsal views, x15 (HC6 122.5 m).

PLATE 18. Tesselacauda kriegerae n in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA

PLATE 18. Tesselacauda kriegerae n. sp., from Section HC6 122.5–124.0 m, Garden City Formation (upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Bearriverops alsacharovi Zone), west side of Hillyard Canyon, Bear River Range, Franklin County, southeastern Idaho, USA. 1. Left librigena, SUI 147634, external view, x20 (HC6 124.0 m). 2. Right librigena, SUI 147635, external view, x20 (HC6 124.0 m). 3, 7, 9. Hypostome, SUI 147636, ventral, left lateral, and posterior views, x12 (HC6 124.0 m). 4, 5, 8, 10. Hypostome, SUI 147637, ventral, left lateral, posterior, and anterior views, x15 (HC6 124.0 m). 6. Right librigena, SUI 147638, external view, x15 (HC6 124.0 m). 11, 12, 14, 16. Hypostome, SUI 147639, posterior, ventral, right lateral, and anterior views, x12 (HC6 124.0 m). 13, 15, 17, 20, 24. Thoracic segment, SUI 147640, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior, and right lateral views, x15 (HC6 124.0 m). 18, 19, 21, 22. Hypostome, SUI 147641, ventral, anterior, right lateral, and posterior views, x25 (HC6 124.0 m). 23, 26, 27. Pygidium, SUI 147642, dorsal, posterior, and right lateral views, x15 (HC6 122.5 m). 25, 28, 29. Pygidium, SUI 147643, left lateral, dorsal, and posterior views, x20 (HC6 122.5 m).

PLATE 16. Tesselacauda kriegerae n in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA

PLATE 16. Tesselacauda kriegerae n. sp., from Section G 26.6–27.0 m, Fillmore Formation (upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Bearriverops alsacharovi Zone), Ibex area, Millard County, western Utah, USA. 1, 2, 4. Pygidium, SUI 147623, dorsal, right lateral, and posterior views, x15 (G 26.6 m). 3, 5, 6. Pygidium, SUI 134174, dorsal, left lateral, and posterior views, x14 (G 26.6 m). 7, 10, 13, 14, 19. Pygidium, SUI 147624, dorsal, posterior, right lateral, ventral, and anterior views, x14 (G 26.6 m). 8, 9, 12, 15. Pygidium, SUI 147625, left lateral, dorsal, posterior, and ventral views, x12 (G 26.6 m). 11, 16, 17. Pygidium, SUI 147626, dorsal, posterior, and right lateral views, x15 (G 27.0 m). 18, 20, 21. Pygidium, SUI 147627, right lateral dorsal, and posterior views, x15 (G 26.6 m).

PLATE 14. 1–16, 19. Tesselacauda kriegerae n in Revision of the Early Ordovician (late Tremadocian; Stairsian) cheirurid trilobite Tesselacauda Ross, with species from the Great Basin, western USA

PLATE 14. 1–16, 19. Tesselacauda kriegerae n. sp., from Section G 26.6–27.0 m and Section C 111.6 m, both Fillmore Formation (upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Bearriverops alsacharovi Zone), Ibex area, Millard County, western Utah, USA. 1, 2, 4. Cranidium, SUI 147602, dorsal, right lateral, and anterior views, x17 (G 27.0 m). 3. Right librigena, SUI 147603, external view, x15 (G 26.6 m). 5, 8, 10. Right librigena, SUI 147604, internal, external, and ventrolateral views, x12 (G 26.6 m). 6. Left librigena, SUI 147605, external view, x12 (G 26.6 m). 7. Right librigena, SUI 147606, external view, x15 (C 111.6 m). 9. Left librigena, SUI 147607, external view, x15 (G 26.6 m). 11. Left librigena, SUI 147608, external view, x15 (G 26.6 m). 12, 14, 16. Left librigena, SUI 147609, external, internal, and ventrolateral views, x12 (G 26.6 m). 13, 15. Right librigena, SUI 147610, external and ventrolateral views, x15 (G 26.6 m). 19. Left librigena, SUI 147611, external view, x12 (G 26.6 m). 17, 18, 20. Tesselacauda? flabella Kobayashi, 1955, from Section G 26.6 m, Fillmore Formation (upper Tremadocian; Stairsian; Bearriverops alsacharovi Zone), Ibex area, Millard County, western Utah, USA. 17, 18. Pygidium, SUI 147612, dorsal and left lateral views, x6. 20. Pygidium, SUI 147613, dorsal view, x12.