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FIGURE 7 in A new species of Moenkhausia (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Madeira basin, Brazil, with comments on the evolution and development of the trunk lateral line system in characids

FIGURE 7 | Type-locality of Moenkhausia cambacica, tributary of igarapé Ávila, upper rio Machado, rio Madeira basin, Vilhena, Rondônia, Brazil.

FIGURE 6 in A new species of Moenkhausia (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Madeira basin, Brazil, with comments on the evolution and development of the trunk lateral line system in characids

FIGURE 6 | Distribution of Moenkhausia cambacica in the upper rio Machado, rio Madeira basin, Brazil. Black star (type-locality), blue star (other localities).

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Moenkhausia (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Madeira basin, Brazil, with comments on the evolution and development of the trunk lateral line system in characids

FIGURE 5 | Paratypes of Moenkhausia cambacica, MZUSP 125793, freshly collected, showing other aspects of its live coloration, Brazil, Rondônia State, Municipality of Vilhena, rio Madeira basin, upper rio Machado drainage.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Moenkhausia (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Madeira basin, Brazil, with comments on the evolution and development of the trunk lateral line system in characids

FIGURE 3 | Schematic drawing of Moenkhausia cambacica showing A. lateral-line perforation pattern observed in most specimens. B. Morphology of the lateral-line scales above anal fin: I – scale lacking tube and pore; II – scale with poorly developed tube, with small tube walls; III – scale with poorly developed tube, walls larger but not enclosed; IV– scale with fully developed bony tube, tube walls enclosed, with a posterior pore.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Moenkhausia (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Madeira basin, Brazil, with comments on the evolution and development of the trunk lateral line system in characids

FIGURE 4 | Live coloration of Moenkhausia cambacica, paratype, MZUSP 125793, Brazil, Rondônia State, Municipality of Vilhena, rio Madeira basin, upper rio Machado drainage.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Moenkhausia (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Madeira basin, Brazil, with comments on the evolution and development of the trunk lateral line system in characids

FIGURE 1 | Holotype of Moenkhausia cambacica, MZUSP 125792, 34.8 mm SL, Brazil, Rondônia State, Municipality of Vilhena, rio Madeira basin, upper rio Machado drainage.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Moenkhausia (Characiformes: Characidae) from the rio Madeira basin, Brazil, with comments on the evolution and development of the trunk lateral line system in characids

FIGURE 2 | Medial view of left side, premaxillary, maxillary, and dentary of Moenkhausia cambacica, MZUSP 125793, 27.1 mm SL, paratype. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Microglanis (Siluriformes, Pseudopimelodidae) from lower Rio Tocantins basin, Pará, Brazil, with description of superficial neuromasts and pores of lateral line system

FIGURE 5. Scatter diagram of sixteen Microglanis species on first and second axis of size-free Canonical Variates Analysis: Microglanis carlae (solid diamond, n = 11), M. cibelae (open circle, n = 3), M. cottoides (open square, n = 7), M. eurystoma (open diamond, n = 12), M. garavelloi (horizontal rectangle, n = 9), M. iheringi (open triangle, n = 4), M. leptostriatus (vertical rectangle, n = 8), M. malabarbai (solid triangle, n = 2), M. nigripinnis (cross, n = 3), M. parahybae (X, n = 10), M. pataxo (ellipse, n = 10), M. pellopterygius (open inverted triangle, n = 2), M. poecilus (solid square, n = 5), M. robustus (dark circle, n = 15), M. secundus (solid inverted triangle, n = 6), and M. variegatus (asterisk, n = 5).

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Microglanis (Siluriformes, Pseudopimelodidae) from lower Rio Tocantins basin, Pará, Brazil, with description of superficial neuromasts and pores of lateral line system

FIGURE 4. Hydrographic map of South America with the distribution of species of Microglanis analized, except M. ater. Microglanis carlae (open inverted triangle), M. cibelae (open circle), M. cottoides (open square), M. eurystoma (open diamond), M. garavelloi (solid horizontal rectangle), M. iheringi (open triangle), M. leptostriatus (solid vertical rectangle), M. malabarbai (dark triangle), M. nigripinnis (cross), M. parahybae (X), M. pataxo (solid square inside open square), M. pellopterygius (solid inverted triangle), M. poecilus (solid square), M. robustus (solid circle), M. secundus (solid diamond), M. variegatus (asterisk), and M. zonatus (solid circle inside solid square). Shaded area represents the Tocantins-Araguaia system. Low Tocantins-Araguaia area in the amplification: 1 = Rio Tocantins and 2 = Rio Araguaia. The small gray dots represent municipal districts; names are pointed by arrows. Black dot with white point represents the locality of M. robustus holotype.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Microglanis (Siluriformes, Pseudopimelodidae) from lower Rio Tocantins basin, Pará, Brazil, with description of superficial neuromasts and pores of lateral line system

FIGURE 3. Diagram of mechano-sensorial organs of paratype of Microglanis robustus (INPA 32885). In blue are represented the canals of lateral lines: mc - mandibular canal, soc - supraorbital canal, ioc - infraorbital canal, oc - otic canal, poc - postotic canal, prc - preopercular canal, pbpoc - pterotic branch of the postotic canal, abioc - antorbital branch of the infraorbital canal, pbsoc - parietal branch of the supraorbital canal, and llc - lateral line canal. The red lines represent the superficial neuromasts lines: nl - nasal line, rl - rostral line, al - anterior line, ml - mandibular line, stal - supratemporal acessory line, dtl - dorsal-trunk line, sdtl - subdorsal-trunk line, mtl - medium-trunk line and svtl - subventral-trunk line. Other abbreviations represent: pcll - pore canal of the lateral line, mb - maxillary barbel, imb - inner mental barbel, omb - outer mental barbel, ps - pectoral-fin spine, ds - dorsal-fin spine, hp - posterior cleithral process, oan - opening anterior nasal, and opn - opening posterior nasal. The white dots on the canals represent pores. Black dots with red center represent superficial neuromasts.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Microglanis (Siluriformes, Pseudopimelodidae) from lower Rio Tocantins basin, Pará, Brazil, with description of superficial neuromasts and pores of lateral line system

FIGURE 2. Dorsal view of left pectoral-fin spine of paratype of Microglanis robustus (INPA 7957, Rio Tocantins, rapids in Jatobal, Tucuruí, Pará, Brazil). Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Microglanis (Siluriformes, Pseudopimelodidae) from lower Rio Tocantins basin, Pará, Brazil, with description of superficial neuromasts and pores of lateral line system

FIGURE 1. Microglanis robustus, holotype, INPA 8053, 20.3 mm SL, Rio Tocantins, in small rapids below the municipal district of Jatobal, Tucuruí, Pará, Brazil.

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FIGURE 34. Ventral lateral line system. A in Taxonomic and morphological revision of butterfly rays of the Gymnura micrura (Bloch & Schneider 1801) species complex, with the description of two new species (Myliobatiformes: Gymnuridae)

FIGURE 34. Ventral lateral line system. A) Gymnura micrura (RN F43, female, 339 mm DW); B) Gymnura lessae, sp. nov. (NCSM 49395, female, 292 mm DW); C) Gymnura sereti, sp. nov. (FLMNH 29993, juvenile male, 290 mm DW). Subpleural tubules omitted. Canals on the left side not shown in their entirety. Differences between species observed in the pictures but not mentioned in the text were not considered consistent enough to be diagnostic. Colors: red, hyomandibular canal; green, infraorbital canal; brown, supraorbital canal; blue, nasal canal; yellow, prenasal canal. inl, innernasal loop; lh, lateral hook; pl, prenasal loop; spl, subpleural loop.

FIG. 10 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 10. Ontogeny of neuromast distribution in E. lori derived from fluorescent images. (A) 0 dph, 3 mm TL; (B) 10 dph, 4.5 mm SL; (C) 20 dph, 6.5 mm SL; (D) 31 dph, 9 mm SL; and (E) 38 dph, 9 mm SL presettlement larva. Pectoral fin removed to facilitate visualization of all neuromasts on the trunk. Yolk sac not drawn. Scale bar ¼ 1 mm. See Figures 3 and 4 for identity of neuromasts.

FIG. 2 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 2. Neuromast distributions in E. lori vitally stained with 4-di-2-ASP (lateral view, rostral to the left). (A) 0 dph (3 mm NL; yolk sac larva, fin folds still present) with only nine neuromasts present on head. By 1 dph, the yolk sac is fully absorbed and by 10 dph, flexion has started. (B) 38 dph (9.5 mm SL, pre-settlement) individual with all neuromast lines present on head; only the neuromasts in lines on operculum and mandible have begun to proliferate. Canal neuromasts are still visible (e.g., dorsal to orbit), indicating that the canals are not yet fully ossified. Settlement occurs at ~30–45 dph, 9–11 mm SL. (C) Wild-caught adult (42 mm SL) with lines of proliferated superficial neuromasts on head. (D) Trunk and tail of 20 dph (6 mm SL) larva. The few neuromasts on trunk will proliferate to become short vertical series of superficial neuromasts (see F). A few neuromasts on the caudal fin occur in three lines. (E) Anterior portion of the trunk (adult, 42 mm SL) illustrating several short lines of neuromasts. (F) Posterior portion of the trunk (adult, 42 mm SL) with well-organized vertical lines of neuromasts (''stitches'') on each myomere along horizontal septum. (G) Caudal fin (adult, 42 mm SL) with three lines (lines lc, lc1, and lc2) of densely placed neuromasts extending from the fin base to the tip of the caudal fin on the membranes between fin rays. Caudal-fin membranes are so thin that the neuromasts from both the left (white arrowhead) and right (yellow arrowhead) side are visible within a line. See Figures 3 and 4 for identification of neuromast lines.

FIG. 6 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 6. Neuromast and cupular morphology in E. lori. (A) Neuromast showing hair cells in central sensory strip with opposing polarities (hair cell orientation; double-headed arrow). (B) Detail of neuromast, as in A, showing ciliary bundles of individual hair cells (each with kinocilium [kc] and multiple stereocilia [sc]) with opposing polarities. (C) Gelatinous cupula (cu) retained on a neuromast that has the same orientation as neuromast in A; note the ''wing-like'' extensions of the cupula that reaches to the tips (arrows) of the elongate neuromast. (D) Neuromast that appears to be in the process of budding, which is thought to be the mechanism for neuromast proliferation. Double-headed arrows ¼ hair cell orientation.

FIG. 5 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 5. Lateral line development in E. lori. (A–E) Supraorbital (SO) canal with canal neuromasts (CNs) between orbits and superficial neuromasts in larvae. (A) CN (arrow) prior to canal enclosure (Stage I) at 0 dph. (B) CN (arrow) in depression as canal formation starts (Stage IIa) at 10 dph (5 mm SL). Nuclei of cells in two layers are visible in the neuromast (upper layer, sensory hair cells; lower layer, non-sensory support cells). (C) Left and right CNs (arrows) in the SO canal in the dorsal midline, with canal walls rising (*, Stage IIb), but not yet enclosing the CNs. (D) Left and right CNs (arrows, as in C; cupula of left neuromast is visible) are enclosed in the ossified SO canal (Stage IV; wild-caught settler, 14 mm SL). (E) Example of a line of densely placed superficial neuromasts (line c2) in wild-caught settler (14 mm SL) in the nasal area; prominent olfactory epithelium (oe). Stages of canal development (I–IV) follow Webb and Shirey (2003). (F–J) Ontogeny of superficial neuromast size and shape in E. lori showing diamond shape and gradual restriction of hair cells to a central, oval sensory strip. Axis of best physiological sensitivity (hair cell orientation) is perpendicular to the long axis of the neuromast. (F) 0 dph—neuromast on trunk is already diamond-shaped, (G) 10 dph—neuromast on trunk, (H) 20 dph—neuromast on cheek, (I) 34 dph—neuromast on cheek, note that sensory strip takes up a smaller portion of area of the neuromast compared to those in F–H. (J) Adult—superficial neuromast on caudal fin. Scale bars: A–E, 50 lm; F–H, 2 lm; I–J, 5 lm.

FIG. 9 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 9. Comparison of neuromast size in post-settlement juveniles and adult E. lori. Least squared means of (A) neuromast length and (B) neuromast width and standard error are plotted for each neuromast type (canal neuromasts [CN], canal neuromast homologs [CNH], superficial neuromasts [SN])—Head CN (n ¼ 13), Head CNH (n ¼ 45), Head SN (n ¼ 102), Trunk SN (n ¼ 65), and Tail SN (n ¼ 8)—based on linear measurements of scanning electron micrographs. Statistically significant differences are indicated by brackets (post hoc Tukey's HSD, P, 0.05).

FIG. 1 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 1. Examples of the distribution of lateral line canal pores (open circles) and superficial neuromasts (filled circles) in longitudinal and transverse patterns in gobies. (A) Thorogobius macrolepis has a longitudinal pattern with lines ventral to the eye (lines a, b, c, and d) that extend rostro-caudally (re-drawn from Sanzo, 1911). (B) Elacatinus oceanops has a transverse pattern with lines ventral to the eye that radiate from the edge of the orbit, the site of the ancestral infraorbital canal (the only published data for Elacatinus spp.; re-drawn from Miller, 1972). (C) Tigrigobius limbaughi (¼Elacatinus limbaughi), with a transverse pattern (re-drawn from Hoese and Reader, 2001). (D) Tigrigobius macrodon, with a transverse pattern (re-drawn from Miller, 1972).

FIG. 4 in Organization and Ontogeny of a Complex Lateral Line System in a Goby (Elacatinus lori), with a Consideration of Function and Ecology

FIG. 4. Distribution of superficial neuromasts (black circles) in body and caudal series in an E. lori post-settlement juvenile (''settler''; 38 dph, 9.5 mm SL) based on fluorescent images (see also Fig. 2D–G). Superficial neuromast series (defined by Sanzo, 1911) are color-coded: blue ¼ oculoscapular, purple ¼ anterior dorsal, pink ¼ body, and brown ¼ caudal. Names for superficial neuromast lines within series follow Sanzo (1911) and Wongrat and Miller (1991). The large pectoral fin is not drawn in order to visualize all neuromasts on the trunk. See text for additional details.