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8 results for “Leucocoprinus”
Cold tolerance of Trachymyrmex fungus gardening ants and Leucocoprinus symbionts
<p><span>Symbionts can have profound effects on host fitness, adaptations, and range distributions. </span><span>Stress-induced evolution is difficult to show in obligate symbioses, however, adaptive evolution within an obligate symbiosis can be investigated experimentally or by correlating trait variation with stress along an ecological cline (i.e., temperature-stress gradient).</span></p> <p><span>We investigated the cold-tolerance of the fungus-growing ant <em>Trachymyrmex septentrionalis</em> by performing cold-tolerance assays comparing two populations collected from either the southernmost range of their distribution (Bastrop, TX) or from a site that is approximately 600 km further north (Norman, Oklahoma). We first compared isolated fungal symbionts grown on artificial media to determine cold-tolerance of fungus alone. Subsequently, we conducted cross-fostering experiments between northern and southern host and symbionts to test for synergisms between the partners in generating adaptations of cold tolerance. </span></p> <p><span>Ants of the northern fungal populations were more cold-adapted then southern fungal populations. Northern nests were deeper and northern colonies initially rejected fungi from the southern population. The cross-fostering experiments demonstrated that only one partner must be cold tolerant to confer maximum cold-tolerance to the ant-fungus symbiosis, because northern ants growing southern fungus under cold stress performed just as well as northern ants growing northern fungi. </span></p> <p><span>Our results suggest that cold stress has been an important selective factor during the migration of this ant-fungus symbiosis into northern latitudes during the last 10,000 years, and that cold tolerance likely is an energetically demanding trait that may be traded off with other aspects of the symbiosis' life history. The symbiosis also appears to have evolved several additional adaptations that increase survival in cold environments, such as building deeper nests that insulate the fungi from cold surface </span></p>
Cold tolerance of Trachymyrmex fungus gardening ants and Leucocoprinus symbionts
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FIGURE 2 in A new and intriguing brown-spored Leucocoprinus species
FIGURE 2. ML phylogram of the ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 dataset (logL: -12170.3976). Branch support values ≥80% for the SH-aLRT test and ≥95% for the ultrafast bootstrap, are shown. Lc, stands for Leucocoprinus; Lag, for Leucoagaricus; Mps, for Micropsalliota. Accessions of L. brunneosporus are marked with an asterisk.
FIGURE 1 in A new and intriguing brown-spored Leucocoprinus species
FIGURE 1. ML phylogram of the LSU dataset (logL: - 4613.56). Branch support values ≥80% for the SH-aLRT test and ≥95% for the ultrafast bootstrap, are shown. A stands for Agaricus; C for Coprinus; Ch for Chlorophyllum; Cy for Cystoderma; L for Lepiota; Lag for Leucoagaricus; Lc for Leucocoprinus; M for Macrolepiota; Me for Melanophyllum; Mps for Micropsalliota; Ph for Phaeolepiota. Type material is indicated whenever this information was available. Accessions of L. brunneosporus are marked with an asterisk.
FIGURE 4 in A new and intriguing brown-spored Leucocoprinus species
FIGURE 4. Macro- and micromorphology of Leucocoprinus brunneosporus. Collection BAFC 53417 (holotype). A: Basidiomata; B: Basidiospores; C: Basidia; D: Cheilocystidia; E: Pileus covering elements. Scale bar: 15 mm for A, 6 µm for B, and 20 µm for C–E.
FIGURE 3. Leucocoprinus brunneosporus. A-C in A new and intriguing brown-spored Leucocoprinus species
FIGURE 3. Leucocoprinus brunneosporus. A-C: Different views of the collected materials (BAFC 53418); D: photograph of spores on water. Scale bar: = 20 mm for A-C, 4 µm for D.
Trachymyrmex ant and Leucocoprinus fungus genotypes
<p>Over the past few decades, large-scale phylogenetic analyses of fungus-gardening ants and their symbiotic fungi have depicted strong concordance among major clades of ants and their symbiotic fungi, yet within clades, fungus sharing is widespread among unrelated ant lineages. Sharing has been explained using a diffuse coevolution model within major clades. Understanding horizontal exchange within clades has been limited by conventional genetic markers that lack both interspecific and geographic variation. To examine whether reports of horizontal exchange were indeed due to symbiont sharing or the result of employing relatively uninformative molecular markers, samples of <i>Trachymyrmex arizonensis</i> and <i>Trachymyrmex pomonae</i> and their fungi were collected from native populations in Arizona and genotyped using conventional marker genes and genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Conventional markers of the fungal symbionts generally exhibited cophylogenetic patterns that were consistent with some symbiont sharing, but most fungal clades had low support. SNP analysis, in contrast, indicated that each ant species exhibited fidelity to its own fungal subclade with only one instance of a colony growing a fungus that was otherwise associated with a different ant species. This evidence supports a pattern of codivergence between <i>Trachymyrmex</i> species and their fungi, and thus a diffuse coevolutionary model may not accurately predict symbiont exchange. These results suggest that fungal sharing across host species in these symbioses may be less extensive than previously thought.</p>
Trachymyrmex ant and Leucocoprinus fungus genotypes
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