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89 results for “Life history: ecology”
Fig. 3 in Adaptations, life-history traits and ecological mechanisms of parasites to survive extremes and environmental unpredictability in the face of climate change
Fig. 3. Flow chart outlining factors that can influence the response of parasites to climate change.
Figure 2 in Fly parasitism in Papuan frogs, with a discussion of ecological factors influencing evolution of life-history differences
Figure 2. Regressions of weight versus snout–vent length (SV) for male Rana supragrisea. Larger frogs infested with fly larvae (closed squares, dashed line) exhibit lower weights compared to uninfested frogs (open circles, solid line), but this difference in regressions is determined solely by the largest infested specimen.
Fig. 8 in Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)
Fig. 8. Length vs. weight plots for male and female Symphysodon haraldi from a single colony in Uxi Bay, lago Amanã.
Fig. 12 in Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)
Fig. 12. Histogram showing size distribution of n = 1271 ovules from a pre-spawning (stage 4) female Symphysodon haraldi. Column bin-intervals are 0.05 mm.
Fig. 9 in Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)
Fig. 9. Frequency distribution of the size of Symphysodon haraldi from a single large colony in Uxi Bay, lago Amanã. Column bin-intervals are 3 mm. See Fig. 2 for the timing of sampling in (a) 1998 and (b) 1997. Specimens parasitized with Braga cichlae are excluded. Major modes in the multi-modal distribution of SL are marked with dotted lines and labeled as putative cohort groups (0, 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3, 4) (refer to Fig. 2). Arrows on the x-axis mark the maximum known size of females. X refers to a male specimen marked and released on 20 December 1997 (X1), and recaptured (X2) on 16 November 1998. The overlapping shaded histogram for the 1998 data refers to seven discus captured in adjacent shore scrub. The histograms distributions marked by the beginnings and ends of the dotted triangles for 1a, 1b, and 2 in 1998, and 2a, 2b and 3 in 1997 fit normal distributions (p <0.01, one sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests).
Fig. 6 in Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)
Fig. 6. Shoreline distance dispersed by 104 tagged Symphysodon haraldi over a 7-9 day period in Uxi Bay, lago Amanã subsequent to release at their original capture site. Each bar represents a 5 m distance range.
Fig. 5 in Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)
Fig. 5. Seasonal changes in the proportional composition of food items within stomachs of Symphysodon haraldi from blackwater habitats of the Tefé region. Calculations of mean food item contribution excluded specimens with empty stom- achs. Error bars (displayed above bars) refer to one standard deviation from mean. Algae = periphyton identified as a mass of bright green filamentous structures. FOD = Fine organic detritus. GPM = green plant (macrophytes) matter – apparently mostly small triturated pieces of leaves. Periphyton, FOD and GPM were difficult to separate volumetrically, and are there- fore combined into a single category. GPM represented only a small portion of the volume of this category (perhaps less than 15%). COD = Coarse organic detritus – mainly pieces of wood and bark.
Fig. 11 in Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)
Fig. 11. Reproductive status and sex of putative (a) 1+ and (b) 2+ cohort members Symphysodon haraldi from a single large discus colony in Uxi Bay, lago Amanã, 1998. Only specimens that were dissected for sex determination are included. The single 1+ specimen with a stage 4 gonad is illustrated in Fig. 12c.
Fig. 1. NASDA JERS-1 in Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)
Fig. 1. NASDA JERS-1 radar image of the Tefé region, Brazil: (a) high water (May 1995); (b) low water (September 1995). Flooded forests appear white, illustrating the maximum extent of the seasonal flooding. The area between the dotted lines is whitewater floodplain. R. Solimões is the local name for the Amazon River. Discus occur in the following habitats: 1, blackwater flooded forest (igapó), 2, blackwater lakes, 3, whitewater flooded forest, 4, whitewater floodplain lakes. Study are marked A (Uxi Bay) and B (lago Urini). Inset (c) shows Uxi Bay from Landsat TM-5 image, 1998. Here, the white dot represents the locality of a large discus colony and the line X-Y refer to the cross-sectional schematic (d). In (d) the dotted horizontal line represents the water level at the beginning of 1998 samples. The 4 m water-level (see also Fig. 2) marks the lower levels of shore scrub growing on beaches and sand bars. Shore scrub is dominated by Coccoloba ovata Benth. and Symmeria paniculata Benth. (Polygonaceae).
Data for: Simulated climate change causes asymmetric responses in insect life history timing potentially disrupting a classic ecological speciation system
<p>Climate change may alter phenology within populations with cascading consequences for community interactions and ongoing evolutionary processes. Here, we measured the response to climate change in two sympatric, recently diverged (~170 years) populations of <em>Rhagoletis</em> <em>pomonella</em> flies specialized on different host fruits (hawthorn and apple) and their parasitoid wasp communities. We tested whether warmer temperatures affect dormancy regulation and its consequences for synchrony across trophic levels and temporal isolation between divergent populations. Under warmer temperatures, both fly populations developed earlier. However, warming significantly increased the proportion of maladaptive pre-winter development in apple, but not hawthorn, flies. Parasitoid phenology was less affected, potentially generating ecological asynchrony. Observed shifts in fly phenology under warming may decrease temporal isolation, potentially limiting ongoing divergence. Our findings of complex sensitivity of life-history timing to changing temperatures predict that coming decades may see multifaceted ecological and evolutionary changes in temporal specialist communities.</p>
Linking the metabolic rate of individuals to species ecology and life history in key Arctic copepods
<p>This folder contains data and code for the manuscript "Linking the metabolic rate of individuals to species ecology <br> and life history in key Arctic copepods"</p> <p>The first script to run is the "rolling regression and adding covariates to MR data.R", this will read in all the<br> files with oxygen measurements, dry weight, and species and life stage information. The code will fit and predict <br> estimates for each individual, calculate O2 from calibration data, subtract background respiration, run the rolling regression,<br> and add the covariates DW, species and life stage to the metabolic rate data, and write the resulting data fame to a .txt file.</p> <p>The second script "lme4 Analysis and figures 5 6 7.R" will read in the data from the first script. <br> Here the AMR RMR and aerobic scope is estimated by Density Estimation via Model-Based Clustering. <br> The resulting data is fitted with a mixed model 'lmer'. <br> The remaining part of the script make the predictions that are presented in the text of the manuscript<br> and that are shown in figure 5, 6, and 7.</p> <p>Further information is annotated in the scripts</p>
Data for: Simulated climate change causes asymmetric responses in insect life history timing potentially disrupting a classic ecological speciation system
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Environmental, molecular, and life history data associated with ecological and evolutionary nematode responses to soil phosphorus availability, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
Elemental stoichiometry is a useful theoretical framework for understanding the sources and controls on nutrient availability that can structure the composition, diversity, and life history of biotic communities. One such relationship, as postulated by the growth rate hypothesis (GRH), is that organismal development rate is positively linked to cellular phosphorus (P). To test the GRH as part of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) program, we examined the effects of phosphorus (P) availability both in situ and in vitro, on the evolution of growth and development of free-living soil nematodes (primarily Plectus murrayi) that occur in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica. During the 2008-2009 austral summer, we collected soils from two glacial till sequences, the Ross Sea till and Taylor II till, occurring in the Lake Fryxell and Lake Bonney basins, respectively, of Taylor Valley. Through a variety of subsequent analyses, we generated the environmental, molecular, and life history trait data contained herein. In addition, this package contains body size and biomass data for nematodes isolated from soil samples collected during the 1999-2000 and 2004-2005 austral summers.
Data from: A rapidly evolved shift in life history timing during ecological speciation is driven by the transition between developmental phases
<p>For insect species in temperate environments, seasonal timing is often governed by the regulation of diapause, a complex developmental program that allows insects to weather unfavorable conditions and synchronize their lifecycles with available resources. Diapause development consists of a series of distinct phases including initiation, maintenance, termination, and post-diapause development. The evolution of insect seasonal timing depends in part on how these phases of diapause development and post-diapause development interact to affect variation in phenology. Here, we dissect the physiological basis of a recently evolved phenological shift in Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae), a model system for ecological divergence. A recently derived population of R. pomonella shifted from specializing on native hawthorn fruit to earlier fruiting introduced apples, resulting in a 3-4 week shift in adult emergence timing. We tracked metabolic rates of individual flies across post-winter development to test which phases of development may act either independently or in combination to contribute to this recently evolved divergence in timing. Apple and hawthorn flies differed in a number of facets of their post-winter developmental trajectories. However, divergent adaptation in adult emergence phenology in these flies was due almost entirely to the end of the pupal diapause maintenance phase, with post-diapause development having a very small effect. The relatively simple underpinnings of variation in adult emergence phenology suggest that further adaptation to seasonal change in these flies for this trait might be largely due to the timing of diapause termination unhindered by strong covariance among different components of post-diapause development.</p>
Data from: 200 million years of anuran body size evolution in relation to geography, ecology, and life history
Surprisingly little is known about body-size evolution within the most diverse amphibian order, anurans (frogs and toads), despite known effects of body size on the physiological, ecological, and life-history traits of animals more generally. Here we examined anuran body-size evolution among 2434 species with over 200 million years of shared evolutionary history. We found clade-specific evolutionary shifts to new body-size optima along with numerous independent transitions to gigantic and miniature body sizes, despite the upper limits of anuran body size remaining quite consistent throughout the fossil record. We found a weak, positive correlation between a species' body size and maximum latitude and elevation, including a dearth of small species at higher elevations and broader latitudinal and elevational ranges in larger anurans. Although we found modest differences in mean anuran body size among microhabitats, there was extensive overlap in the range of body sizes across microhabitats. Finally, we found that larger anurans are more likely to consume vertebrate prey than smaller anurans are, and that species with a free-swimming larval phase during development are larger on average than those in which development into a froglet occurs within the egg. Overall, anuran body size does not conform to geographic and ecological patterns observed in other tetrapods but is perhaps more notable for variation in body size within geographic regions, ecologies, and life-histories. Here we document this variation and propose target clades for detailed studies aimed at disentangling how and why variation in body size was generated and is maintained in anurans.
Variation and plasticity in life-history traits and fitness of wild Arabidopsis thaliana populations are not related to their genotypic and ecological diversity
<p>Despite its implications for population dynamics and evolution, the relationship between genetic and phenotypic variation in wild populations remains unclear. Here, we estimated variation and plasticity in life-history traits and fitness of the annual plant <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> in two common garden experiments that differed in environmental conditions. We used up to 306 maternal inbred lines from six Iberian populations characterized by low and high genotypic (based on whole-genome sequences) and ecological (vegetation type) diversity. Low and high genotypic and ecological diversity was found in edge and core Iberian environments, respectively. Given that selection is expected to be stronger in edge environments and that ecological diversity may enhance both phenotypic variation and plasticity, we expected genotypic diversity to be positively associated with phenotypic variation and plasticity. However, maternal lines, irrespective of the genotypic and ecological diversity of their population of origin, exhibited a substantial amount of phenotypic variation and plasticity for all traits. Furthermore, all populations harbored maternal lines with canalization (robustness) or sensitivity in response to harsher environmental conditions in one of the two experiments. Overall, we conclude that the environmental attributes of each population probably determine their genotypic diversity, but all populations maintain substantial phenotypic variation and plasticity for all traits, which represents an asset to endure in changing environments.</p>
Data from: Among-species variation in six decades of changing migration timings explained through ecology, life-history and abundance
<p>Species utilising seasonal environments must now alter timings of key life-history events in response to large-scale climatic changes, thereby maintaining trophic synchronies. Yet substantial among-species variation in cross-decadal phenological changes is observed. Transitioning from basic description of such variation towards prediction of future phenological responses now requires standardised studies that rigorously quantify and explain variation in the direction, magnitude and form of changing timings across diverse species in relation to key ecological and life-history variables. Accordingly, we fitted multi-quantile regressions to 59 years of high-quality multi-species data on spring and autumn bird migration timings through northern Scotland. We demonstrate substantial variation in cross-decadal changes in timings among 72 species, and quantify the degree to which variation can be explained through differences in species ecology, life-history and population trajectories. Consistent with predictions, species with seasonal diets, narrower breeding habitat breadths, shorter generation lengths and capability to produce multiple offspring broods per year advanced their migration timing in one or both seasons. In contrast, species with less seasonal diets, and that produce single annual offspring broods, showed no change. Meanwhile, contrary to prediction, long-distance migrants advanced their migration timings as much as short-distance migrants. Changes in migration timing also varied with changes in local migratory abundance, such that species with increasing seasonal abundance apparently altered their migration timing, whilst species with decreasing abundance did not. These patterns concur with expectation if changing migration timing is adaptive. However, we demonstrate that similar patterns can be generated through numerical sampling processes given changing abundances, implying that apparent phenology-abundance relationships should be carefully validated and interpreted. Overall, our results show that migrant bird species with differing ecologies and life-histories have shown systematically differing phenological changes over six decades contextualised by large-scale environmental changes, potentially facilitating future predictions and altering temporal dynamics of seasonal species co-occurrences.</p>
Combining local ecological knowledge with camera traps to assess the link between African mammal life history traits and their occurrence in anthropogenic landscapes
<p>Understanding what influences species and trait composition is critical for predicting changes in communities driven by landscape transformation. </p> <p>We explored how life history traits are associated with the persistence of mammal species in human-dominated habitats within the Garden Route Biosphere Reserve, South Africa. We combined data from a camera trap and a local ecological knowledge-based survey in an integrated occupancy model to analyze species occurrence along a gradient of anthropogenic landscape transformation. </p> <p>Results confirmed that mammal occurrence in human-modified habitats was related to specific life history traits. Species with more specialist diets, as well as larger body mass species were more likely to stay in protected areas. Species with slow reproductive strategies occupied more natural areas. </p> <p>Our study also showed that combining different monitoring methods enabled us to increase spatial coverage and mammal sighting numbers. This approach fostered research participation by various stakeholders, an important step for co-designing wildlife-friendly anthropogenic spaces. </p> <p><strong>Synthesis and applications: </strong>Integrating data from a standard ecological protocol and structured participatory citizen knowledge allowed us to identify the species functional traits associated with mammal species occurrence in anthropogenic landscapes at a local scale. These results advocate for wisely combining methods, and will guide conservation orientated land-use planning towards the protection of natural habitats in the Garden Route Biosphere Reserve. This methodological approach will enable managers and conservationists to use data obtain from diverse protocols. This should catalyze the involvement of citizens in biodiversity monitoring and conservation.</p>
Fig. 3 in Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)
Fig. 3. Sampling of a small submerged tree crown or 'galhada'
Ecological and life-history traits predict temporal trends in biomass of boreal moths
<p> Dramatic insect declines, and their consequences for ecosystems globally, have received considerable attention recently. Yet, it is still poorly known if ecological and life-history traits can explain declines and whether insect decline occurs also at high latitudes. Insects' diversity and abundance are dramatically lower at high latitudes compared to the tropics, and insects might benefit from climate warming in high-latitude environments. </p> <p>We adopted a trait- and biomass-based approach to estimate temporal change between 1993 and 2019 in Finnish macro-moth communities by using data from 85 long-running light traps. We analysed spatio-temporal variation in biomass of moth functional groups with Joint Dynamic Species Distribution Models while accounting for environmental variables. </p> <p>We did not detect any declining trends in total moth biomass of moth functional groups, and most groups were stable over time. Moreover, biomass increased for species using coniferous trees, lichens, or mushrooms as hosts, multivoltine species, as well as monophagous and oligophagous species feeding on trees. We found that length and temperature of the growing season, winter climatic conditions, and habitat structure all partially explained variation in moth biomass.</p> <p>Although boreal moth communities are rapidly changing due to species turnover, in terms of total biomass they seem to contradict the trend of dramatic insect declines observed globally. This may lessen the immediate possibility of negative bottom-up trophic cascades in boreal food webs.</p>
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