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opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Two-sex integrated population model reveals intersexual differences in life history strategies in Cooper's Hawks

This site contains data files and model code for a dynamic nesting territory occupance model and 2-sex integrated population model for Cooper's hawks in Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA, 2011 - 2020.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Chameleon biogeographic dispersal associated with extreme life history strategies

<div class="t-landing__text-wall "> This dataset contains data and code that support the results in Weil, S.-S., Gallien, L., Lavergne, S., Börger, L., Hassler, G., Nicolaï, Michaël P. J., Allen, William L. (2022) Chameleon biogeographic dispersal associated with extreme life history strategies (DOI: 10.1111/ecog.06323). We used species distribution, phylogenetic and life history trait data of 181 chameleons to determine the relationship between three traits (coastal distribution, body size, position on the fast/slow life history continuum) and past dispersal probability on an evolutionary timescale using trait-dependent biogeographic models. We found that all three traits were associated with past biogeographical movements. Lineages having coastal distributions and those with large bodies had higher dispersal probabilities. Interestingly, chameleons with either very fast or very slow life history were more successful dispersers than species with an intermediate strategy. Together, the three traits "coastal, large-bodied and extreme life history" form a dispersal syndrome. </div>

opencc-zeroApr 2024View details →

Opposing life history strategies allow grass shrimp parasites to avoid a conflict of interest

A conflict of interest occurs when parasites manipulate the behavior of their host in contradictory ways to achieve different goals. In grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), trematode parasites that use shrimp as an intermediate host cause the shrimp to be more active than usual around predators, whereas bopyrid isopod parasites that use shrimp as a final host elicit the opposite response. Since these parasites are altering the host's behavior in opposing directions, a conflict of interest would occur in co-infected shrimp. Natural selection should favor attempts to resolve this conflict through avoidance, killing, or sabotage. In a field survey of shrimp populations in four tidal creeks in the Cape Fear River, we found a significant negative association between the two parasites. Parasite abundance was negatively correlated in differently sized hosts, suggesting avoidance as a mechanism. Subsequent mortality experiments showed no evidence of early death of co-infected hosts. In behavior trials, co-infected shrimp did not show significantly different behavior from singly infected or uninfected shrimp, suggesting that neither parasite sabotages the manipulation of the other. Taken together, our results suggest that rather than sabotaging or killing one another, bopyrid and trematode parasites tend to infect differently sized hosts, thus avoiding a conflict and confirming the importance of testing assumptions in natural contexts.

Figure 10 in Notes on morphological characteristics and life history strategy of the genus Acanthopsis Harv. (Acanthaceae)

Figure 10. SEM and stereomicroscope images of Acanthopsis seeds, showing appressed hygroscopic hairs when dry and uncoiled mucilaginous hairs upon wetting. A and B, appressed hairs of seed (dried state), A. dregeana subsp. longispina (Steyn 2141, PRE); C, seed with uncoiled hairs upon wetting, A. disperma (Steyn 1845, PRE); D, uncoiled hair showing helical thickening of walls, A. disperma (Steyn 1845, PRE); E, uncoiled hairs stained with safranin, A. disperma (Steyn 1845, PRE); F, seedling, A. hoffmannseggiana typical form (Steyn 2148, PRE). Scale bar: A = 300 µm, B = 80 µm, C= 1 mm, D = 30 µm, E. 50 µm, F = 2 mm.

Figure 8 in Notes on morphological characteristics and life history strategy of the genus Acanthopsis Harv. (Acanthaceae)

Figure 8. Insects observed on Acanthopsis flowers. A, fruit fly on A. hoffmannseggiana; B, fruit fly and ant on A. nitida; C, long-proboscid bee fly probing a flower of A. tuba. Photograph: A, B, the authors; C, F. Grenier.

Figure 4 in Notes on morphological characteristics and life history strategy of the genus Acanthopsis Harv. (Acanthaceae)

Figure 4. Corolla of Acanthopsis flowers showing colour variation. A, A. glauca; B, A. horrida; C, A. hoffmannseggiana; D, A. scullyi. Photographs: A, B, M. Koekemoer; C, D, the authors.

Figure 3 in Notes on morphological characteristics and life history strategy of the genus Acanthopsis Harv. (Acanthaceae)

Figure 3. Corolla, androecium and gynoecium of Acanthopsis flowers. A, corolla, A. tuba (Von Staden 9139); B, corolla, A. horrida (Koekemoer 4370, PRE); C, androecium, A. horrida (Koekemoer 4370, PRE); D, gynoecium and one lateral sepal of calyx; note the tuft of glandular hairs at base of style, A. scullyi (Steyn 1911, PRE). Scale bar: A, B = 10 mm, C, D = 1 mm. Artist: Daleen Roodt.

Figure 1 in Notes on morphological characteristics and life history strategy of the genus Acanthopsis Harv. (Acanthaceae)

Figure 1. Different habits found in Acanthopsis. A, acaulescent herb; B, compact subshrub; C, shrublet (cushion-shaped); D, shrublet (virgate). Photographs: A, B, the authors; C, D: M. Koekemoer.

Figure 5 in Notes on morphological characteristics and life history strategy of the genus Acanthopsis Harv. (Acanthaceae)

Figure 5. Androecium of Acanthopsis disperma flowers. A, stout filaments; B, anthers and style; C and D, anthers, showing long hairs and pollen grains exposed on the side facing the corolla lip. Scale bar: A = 0.8 mm, B = 0.7 mm, C = 0.5 mm, D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 1 in The life history strategy of a fur seal hookworm in relation to pathogenicity and host health status

Fig. 1. Life cycle of Uncinaria sp. in South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis). Pups get infected through ingestion of colostrum that contains infective stage 3 larvae (L3s). Within 2-weeks, hookworms reach adulthood in the small intestine and shed eight-celled eggs in the pup's feces. Eggs larvate in the rookery soil and larvae develop into sheathed infective L3s which penetrate the skin and reach the subcutaneous tissues of all animals in the rookery. However, Uncinaria sp. larvae only have a chance to reach the next definitive host in females, which give birth and produce colostrum once a year, repeating the cycle. It is very likely that female pups can keep larvae in their tissues until they reach maturity and pass them to their pup (blue arrow). All males are dead end hosts. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 5 in The life history strategy of a fur seal hookworm in relation to pathogenicity and host health status

Fig. 5. South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) pups that suffer the worst consequences of hookworm (Uncinaria sp.) infection contribute to most of the egg shedding in the environment. Hookworm egg shedding represents the product of the median number of eggs per fecal smear and the number of days a pup was infected with hookworms (Burden * infectious period). (a) Anemic pups shed on average more hookworm eggs compared to nonanemic pups (GLM with negative binomial distribution, Anemic pups = 1.36 ± 0.23, Z = 5.92, P = 3.09 × 10 −9). (b) Fur seal pups that died due to hookworm disease shed on average more hookworm eggs when compared to pups that survived (GLM with negative binomial distribution, Pups died = 1.40 ± 0.22, Z = 6.16, P = 7.24 × 10 −10).

Fig. 4 in The life history strategy of a fur seal hookworm in relation to pathogenicity and host health status

Fig. 4. Anemia and mortality are driven by parasite burden. (a) Survival rates of pups with severe hookworm infection was 44.4%, compared to 90.6% survival of pups with mild hookworm infection and 93.4% survival of pups treated with the antiparasitic ivermectin (Log-rank Mantel-Cox test, Χ2 = 44.43, df = 2, P = 5.41 × 10−10). (b) Hemoglobin concentrations were markedly lower in the group with high parasitic burden (severe infection) (ANOVA, F = 31.47, df = 2, P = 2.12 × 10−12). Whiskers represent 95% confidence intervals.

Fig. 2 in The life history strategy of a fur seal hookworm in relation to pathogenicity and host health status

Fig. 2. Hookworm prevalence, egg shedding and abundance of larvae in the soil are correlated with adult females and pup density. (a) Prevalence reach over 90% when pups are between 20 and 30 days old, then substantially decline and by 75 days-old on average, all pups have cleared hookworm infection. Numbers in parenthesis indicate sample size. Bars represent binomial confidence intervals (b) Mean fecal hookworm egg count follow a similar curve with the highest number of eggs being shed when the number of adult fur seal females in the rookery is still high, between December 30 and January 15th, when pups are on average 15 to 30 days-old. (c) The soil from areas of the rookery with higher pup density had larger numbers of hookworm larvae (GLM, X2 = 1303, df = 3, P = 2.2 × 10−16). Whiskers represent 95% confidence intervals.

Fig. 3 in The life history strategy of a fur seal hookworm in relation to pathogenicity and host health status

Fig. 3. Correlations between hookworm burden, egg shedding and extraction of host resources. (a) Hookworm burden is highly correlated with egg shedding in pup's feces (third order polynomial regression, adj-r2 = 0.921, P = 2.2 × 10−16). (b) Hemoglobin concentration decreases as the number of hookworm eggs in pup's feces increase (second order polynomial regression, adj-r2 = 0.401, P = 2.09 × 10−14), suggesting that extraction of host resources depends on parasitic burden. (c) Female hookworms harbor similar number of eggs in their uterus regardless of parasitic burden (linear regression, adj- r2 = −0.03, F = 1.01, df = 36, P = 0.321), suggesting that there is no decline in egg output even at high hookworm densities. The solid lines represent the best fit model with 95% confidence intervals (dashed lines).

Fig. 4. A in Life history strategies of Cotylurus spp. Szidat, 1928 (Trematoda, Strigeidae) in the molecular era - Evolutionary consequences and implications for taxonomy

Fig. 4. A median-joining network of COI haplotype of Cotylurus. Each circle represents a unique haplotype where the diameter is proportional to the number of DNA sequences represented.

Fig. 1 in Life history strategies of Cotylurus spp. Szidat, 1928 (Trematoda, Strigeidae) in the molecular era - Evolutionary consequences and implications for taxonomy

Fig. 1. The phylogenetic relationships within genus Cotylurus based on the concatenated COI mtDNA and 28S rDNA markers. The analysis was performed by the use of Bayesian inference, diamond symbol indicates posterior probability greater than 90%.

Fig. 3 in Life history strategies of Cotylurus spp. Szidat, 1928 (Trematoda, Strigeidae) in the molecular era - Evolutionary consequences and implications for taxonomy

Fig. 3. The phylogenetic relationships within the genus Cotylurus based on COI mtDNA marker. The analysis was performed by the use of Bayesian inference, diamond symbol indicates posterior probability greater than 90%.

Fig. 2 in Life history strategies of Cotylurus spp. Szidat, 1928 (Trematoda, Strigeidae) in the molecular era - Evolutionary consequences and implications for taxonomy

Fig. 2. The phylogenetic relationships within the genus Cotylurus based on 28S rDNA marker. The analysis was performed by the use of Bayesian inference, diamond symbol indicates posterior probability greater than 90%.