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35 results for “Life-history strategy”
Data for "Ecosystem size filters life-history strategies to shape community assembly in lakes"
<p>Dataset 1. List of 71 fish species collected from north temperate lakes in Wisconsin USA. Data include critical life-history data used for strategy classifications according to Winemiller and Rose (1992), principal component scores, and strategy classification according to the cluster analysis.</p> <p>Dataset 2. Species occurrence data in all study lakes along with results from the 'soft classification" according to Euclidean distance.</p> <p>Dataset 3. Limnological and fish community characteristics of study lakes including species richness, lake area, estimated lake volume, and convex hull statistics for the overall fish community and each life-history strategy type.</p>
Disentangling the causes of age-assortative mating in bird populations with contrasting life-history strategies
<ol> <li>Age shapes fundamental processes related to behaviour, survival and reproduction. Where age influences reproductive success, non-random mating with respect to age can magnify or mitigate such effects. Consequently, the correlation in partners' age across a population may influence its productivity. Despite widespread evidence for age-assortative mating, little is known about what drives this assortment and its variation. Specifically, the relative importance of active (same-age mate preference) and passive processes (assortment as a consequence of other spatial or temporal effects) in driving age-assortment is not well understood.</li> <li>In this paper, we compare breeding data from a great tit and mute swan population (51- and 31-year datasets respectively) to tease apart the contributions of pair retention, cohort age-structure, and active age-related mate selection to age-assortment in species with contrasting life-histories.</li> <li>Both species show age-assortative mating, and variable assortment between years. However, we demonstrate that the drivers of age-assortment differ between the species, as expected from their life-histories and resultant demographic differences. In great tits, pair fidelity has a weak effect on age-assortative mating through pair retention; variation in age-assortment is primarily driven by fluctuations in age-structure from variable juvenile recruitment. Age-assortative mating is therefore largely passive, with no evidence consistent with active age-related mate selection. In mute swans, age-assortment is partly explained by pair retention, but not population age-structure, and evidence exists for active age-assortative pairing.</li> <li>This difference is likely to result from shorter life-spans in great tits compared to mute swans, leading to fundamental differences in their population age-structure, whereby a larger proportion of great tit populations consist of a single age-cohort. In mute swans, age-assortative pairing through mate selection may also be driven by greater age-dependent variation in fitness.</li> <li>The study highlights the importance of considering how different life-histories, and demographic differences arising from these, affect population processes that appear congruent across species. We suggest that future research should focus on uncovering the proximate mechanisms that lead to variation in active age-assortative mate selection (as seen in mute swans); and the consequences of variation in age-structure on the ecological and social functioning of wild populations.</li> </ol>
Data from: Selection on an extreme-yet-conserved larval life-history strategy in a tapeworm
<p>Evolutionary stasis characterizes many phenotypes, even ones that seem suboptimal. Among tapeworms, <em>Schistocephalus solidus</em> and its relatives have some of the shortest developmental times in their first intermediate hosts, yet their development still seems excessively long considering they can grow faster, larger, and safer in the next hosts in their complex life cycles. I conducted four generations of selection on the developmental rate of <em>S. solidus</em> in its copepod first host, pushing a conserved-but-counterintuitive phenotype towards the limit of known tapeworm life-history strategies. Faster parasite development evolved and enabled earlier infectivity to the stickleback next host, but low heritability for infectivity moderated fitness gains. Fitness losses were more pronounced for slow-developing parasite families, irrespective of selection line, because directional selection released linked genetic variation for reduced infectivity to copepods, developmental stability, and fecundity. This deleterious variation is normally suppressed, implying development is canalized and thus under stabilizing selection. Nevertheless, faster development was not costly; fast-developing genotypes did not decrease copepod survival, even under host starvation, nor did they underperform in the next hosts, suggesting parasite stages in successive hosts are genetically decoupled. I speculate that, on longer time scales, the ultimate cost of abbreviated development is reduced size-dependent infectivity.</p>
Data from: Alternative life-history strategy contributions to effective population size in a naturally spawning Salmon population
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Data from: Selection on an extreme-yet-conserved larval life-history strategy in a tapeworm
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Disentangling the causes of age-assortative mating in bird populations with contrasting life-history strategies
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Overwintering strategies and life-history traits of different populations of Aphidius platensis along a latitudinal gradient in Chile
<p>The onset of an overwintering strategy to overcome cold temperatures of a species of ectotherms can include<br> remaining active or entering diapause. This in turn will depend on the relative costs of each strategy and therefore, could differ among populations along a latitudinal gradient. Thus, expecting higher levels of diapause in the coldest conditions and a higher incidence of individuals remaining active in the warmest conditions. We assessed the insect responses to photoperiod and temperature, in five Chilean populations of the aphid parasitoid Aphidius platensis. We analysed the variation in winter temperature along the latitudinal gradient and, under controlled conditions, examining the potential effects of three constant conditions of photoperiod/temperature: 8:16LD (Light: Dark, hours) at 10°C, 10:14LD at 14°C, and 16:8LD at 20°C, on diapause levels. Finally, we measured cold tolerance (CTMin), developmental time, fresh body mass and size, fat and water content, and egg load for the emerging parasitoids. Our results showed no clear latitudinal gradient in temperature but differences among sites were clear. None of the five populations of A. platensis expressed diapause at any tested condition, suggesting that the environmental thresholds for diapause induction are perhaps not reached in this species under the studied latitudes. Insects from the coldest point in the gradient (Pinto) showed the lowest CTMin suggesting local adaptation. Moreover, physiological and life-history traits seem to adjust rapidly through developmental thermal acclimation, showing that plasticity is involved in the parasitoid’s responses to the temperature differences found among localities. Consequently, both local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity contribute to this species remaining active during the whole<br> winter, being an effective strategy to diapause in relatively mild and stable thermal environments.</p>
Age-related reproductive performance of the Adélie Penguin, a long-lived seabird exhibiting similar outcomes regardless of individual life-history strategy
<p>1. Age-related variation in reproductive performance in long-lived iteroparous vertebrate species is common, with performance being influenced by within-individual processes, such as improvement and senescence, in combination with among-individual processes, such as selective appearance and disappearance. Few studies of age-related reproductive performance have compared the role of these drivers within a metapopulation, subject to varying degrees of resource competition.</p> <p>2. We accounted for within- and among-individuals changes among known-aged Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) during 17 years (1997 to 2013), at three clustered colonies of disparate size, to understand patterns in age-related reproductive success during early and late adulthood.</p> <p>3. Age at first reproduction (AFR) was lowest, and number of breeding attempts highest, at the largest colony. Regardless of AFR, success improved with early post-recruitment experience. For both oldest and youngest recruitment groups, peak performance occurred at the end of their reproductive lifespan indicating a possible cost of reproduction. Intermediate recruitment groups reached peak performance in their mid-reproductive lifespan and with intermediate breeding experience, before decreasing. Breeding success was lowest for the initial breeding attempt regardless of AFR, but we observed subsequent variation relative to recruitment age. Gaining experience by delaying recruitment positively influenced reproductive performance early in the reproductive lifespan, and was most evident for the youngest breeders. Oldest recruits had the highest initial and peak breeding success. Differences in AFR resulted in tradeoffs in reproductive lifespan or timing of senescence but not in the overall number of breeding attempts.</p> <p>4. Patterns differed as a function of colony size, and thus competition for resources. Early life improvement in performance at the larger colonies was primarily due to within-individual factors and at the largest colony, AFR. Regardless of colony size late-life performance was positively related to the age at last reproduction, indicating selective disappearance of lower performing individuals.</p> <p>5. These results highlight that different life-history strategies were equally successful, indicating that individuals can overcome potential tradeoffs associated with early- and late-life performance. These results have important implications for understanding the evolution of life-history strategies responsible for driving population change.</p>
Traits and depth: what do hydroids tell us about morphology and life-history strategies in the deep sea?
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Aim:</b> Traits affect the survival and reproduction of individuals in different habitat conditions, ultimately altering their distributions. In the oceans, changes in environmental conditions with bathymetry may influence the occurrence of specific traits. Therefore, characterizing trait variation with depth can illuminate drivers related to the distribution of diversity of forms, functions, and life histories. We aimed to investigate patterns of variation in the diversified life histories and morphologies of hydroids with depth, integrating these patterns with the natural history of the group and ecological principles of the deep sea.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Location:</b> Atlantic Ocean and adjacent polar seas, from 50 m to 5,330 m deep.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Time period:</b> Present day.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Major taxa studied:</b> Hydrozoa.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Methods: </b>Analyses were based on 14 traits collected for a total of 4,668 specimens of hydroids, belonging to 438 species. Records were divided into 12 depth strata for comparisons. We evaluated: how each trait varies with depth; whether variation in some traits is affected by the presence of other traits; how traits covary; and similarities in trait compositions among depth strata.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Results:</b> Traits of hydroids vary with depth, with more pronounced differences for regions deeper than 1,000 m. Hydroids are generally smaller, infertile, solitary, meroplanktonic, and devoid of protective structures with increasing depth. The relationship, however, is not always linear. Also, some covariation and correlation between traits was evident. For example, depth may affect size differently according to the presence of specific traits such as structures protecting against predation. The lower proportion of fertile specimens recorded in the deep sea suggests that chances for genetic recombination are reduced in deep-sea populations, ultimately leading to a slower rate of evolution.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>Main conclusions: </b>We identified novel trends in hydroid trait variation with depth by combining observations on morphology, ecology, and life history, clarifying selection pressures on hydroids in the deep sea.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Melanin-specific life-history strategies
The maintenance of genetic variation is a long-standing issue because the adaptive value of life-history strategies associated with each genetic variant is usually unknown. However, evidence for the coexistence of alternative evolutionary fixed strategies at the population level remains scarce. Because in the tawny owl (Strix aluco) heritable melanin-based coloration shows different physiological and behavioral norms of reaction, we investigated whether coloration is associated with investment in maintenance and reproduction. Light melanic owls had lower adult survival compared to dark melanic conspecifics, and color variation was related to the trade-off between offspring number and quality. When we experimentally enlarged brood size, light melanic males produced more fledglings but in poorer condition, and they were less often recruited in the local breeding population than those of darker melanic conspecifics. Our results also suggest that dark melanic males allocate a constant effort to raise their brood independently of environmental conditions, whereas lighter melanic males finely adjust reproductive effort in relation to changes in environmental conditions. Color traits can therefore be associated with life-history strategies, and stochastic environmental perturbation can temporarily favor one phenotype over others. The existence of fixed strategies implies that some phenotypes can sometimes display a "maladapted" strategy. Long-term population monitoring is therefore vital for a full understanding of how different genotypes deal with trade-offs.
Data from: Life-history strategies indicate live-bearing in Nothosaurus (Sauropterygia)
In Sauropterygia, a diverse group of Mesozoic marine reptiles, fossil evidence of viviparity (live‐bearing) only exists for Pachypleurosauria and Plesiosauria, and was assumed to also be the case for nothosaurs. Previous studies have successfully applied an extant squamate model to sauropterygian life‐history traits. In extant squamates, oviparity and viviparity are associated with differences in life‐history trait combinations. We establish growth curves for Nothosaurus specimens based on their humeral histology. We then analyse life‐history traits derived from these curves and compare inferred traits to those of modern squamates and pachypleurosaurs to assess their reproduction mode. We show that birth to adult size ratios (i.e. birth size divided by the mother's size) provide good estimates of clutch sizes in extant squamates and in viviparous extinct marine reptiles, but these ratios cannot discriminate viviparous and oviparous squamates. Thus, large ratios do not indicate viviparity in fossil taxa to which the extant squamate model is applicable. Applying differences in birth size, age at maturation, and maximum longevity that are observed between extant viviparous and oviparous squamates to our Nothosaurus sample, we identified 7 out of 24 specimens as being potentially viviparous. Conversely, they suggested oviparity for many nothosaurs but also for many pachypleurosaur samples. Under the assumption that the entire clade Pachypleurosauria was viviparous, the majority of nothosaurs would also have been viviparous as they comprised trait combinations similar to those seen in pachypleurosaurs. Overall, this suggests that within nothosaurs and pachypleurosaurs both reproduction modes existed in different taxa.
Data from: Life histories as mosaics: plastic and genetic components differ among traits that underpin life-history strategies
<p>Life-history phenotypes emerge from clusters of traits that are the product of genes and phenotypic plasticity. If the impact of the environment differs substantially between traits, then life histories might not evolve as a cohesive whole.</p> <p>We quantified the sensitivity of components of the life history to food availability, a key environmental difference in the habitat occupied by contrasting ecotypes, for 36 traits in fast-and slow-reproducing Trinidadian guppies. Our dataset included six putatively independent origins of the slow-reproducing, derived ecotype.</p> <p>Traits varied substantially in plastic and genetic control. Twelve traits were influenced only by food availability (body lengths, body weights), five only by genetic differentiation (inter-birth intervals, offspring sizes), ten by both (litter sizes, reproductive timing), and nine by neither (fat contents, reproductive allotment). Ecotype-by-food interactions were negligible. The response to low food was aligned with the genetic difference between high- and low-food environments, suggesting that plasticity was adaptive.</p> <p>The heterogeneity among traits in environmental sensitivity and genetic differentiation reveals that the components of the life history may not evolve in concert. Ecotypes may instead represent mosaics of trait groups that differ in their rate of evolution.</p>
Figure 2 in Bone histology of the Late Pleistocene Prolagus sardus (Lagomorpha: Mammalia) provides further insights into life-history strategy of insular giant small mammals
Figure 2. Bone histology of Ochotona specimens. A–C, Oc. dauurica. A, MSB 215940 (juvenile) showing a cortex formed by FLC and WB. B, MSB 215680 (young adult), with abundant SVs in the outer cortex. Note that microorganisms attacked this region, hiding bone tissues. C, MSB 215953 (adult) with FLC sandwiched between ICL and a scarce LB layer. Note the strong RL (black arrowhead). D, Oc. collaris UAM 63937 (adult), with an extensive deposition of PFB and clear RL (black arrowhead) splitting it from FLC. Notice the presence of one LAG (white arrowhead). E, F, Oc. princeps. E, UAM 35060 (adult), anterior region with PFB surrounded by a FLC full of SOs. F, UAM 113936 (adult), with detail of the PFB region, showing four LAGs (white arrowheads). For abbreviations, see the text. Scale bars equals 100 μm.
Figure 1 in Bone histology of the Late Pleistocene Prolagus sardus (Lagomorpha: Mammalia) provides further insights into life-history strategy of insular giant small mammals
Figure 1. Bone histology of P. sardus specimens. A, B, R129 (juvenile, 0 LAG) showing the anterior region (A) formed by FLC with SVs and POs, and posterior one (B) where a nonCGM was identified (arrowhead). C, GD52 (juvenile, 0 LAG), medial region showing early external deposition of PFB with some SVs. In the inner cortex, WB is visible, as well as FLC with POs and SVs. D, R000 (juvenile, one LAG), posterior region with FLC sandwiched between the ICL and the outer cortex of LB (reversed image). E, R136 (young adult) showing two LAGs (arrowheads). F, A17 (young adult) with three LAGs (arrowheads). G, R30 (juvenile, two LAGs), detail of the lateral region with SOs
Figure 3. A–F in Bone histology of the Late Pleistocene Prolagus sardus (Lagomorpha: Mammalia) provides further insights into life-history strategy of insular giant small mammals
Figure 3. A–F, boxplots of log-transformed geometrical (CA, MA, CA/MA, and CA/TA) and size variables (DAPm and DTm). A–C, Prolagus sardus age categories (J, Y, and A). D–F, adults of Oc. princeps, Oc. collaris, and Oc. dauurica. See Supporting Information, Table S2 for the raw data, including mean and standard deviation for species and age category. G–I, growth trajectories of CA, MA, and TA, considering DTm (size proxy), of P. sardus (N = 15) and Ochotona (N = 13). See Supporting Information, Appendix S1 for statistical results.
Demographic changes and life-history strategies predict the genetic diversity in crabs
<p>Uncovering what predicts genetic diversity (GD) within species can help us access the status of populations and their evolutionary potential. Traits related to effective population size show a proportional association to GD, but evidence supports life-history strategies and habitat as the drivers of GD variation. Instead of investigating highly divergent taxa, focusing on one group could help to elucidate the factors influencing the GD. Additionally, most empirical data is based on vertebrate taxa; therefore, we might be missing novel patterns of GD found in neglected invertebrate groups. Here, we investigated the predictors of the GD in crabs (Brachyura) by compiling the most comprehensive cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) available. Eight predictor variables were analyzed across 150 species (16,992 sequences) using linear models (multiple linear regression) and comparative methods (PGLS). Our results indicate that population size fluctuation represents the most critical trait predicting GD, with species that have undergone bottlenecks followed by population expansion showing lower GD. Egg size, pelagic larval duration, and habitat might play a role probably because of their association with how species respond to disturbances. Ultimately, K-strategists that have undergone bottlenecks are the species showing lower GD. Some variables do not show an association with GD as expected, most likely due to the taxon-specific role of some predictors, which should be considered in further investigations and generalizations. This work highlights the complexity underlying the predictors of GD and adds results from a marine invertebrate group to the current understanding of this topic.</p>
Data from: Life-history strategy determines constraints on immune function
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Data from: Life histories as mosaics: plastic and genetic components differ among traits that underpin life-history strategies
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Demographic changes and life-history strategies predict the genetic diversity in crabs
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Data from: Rapid human-induced divergence of life-history strategies in Bahamian livebearing fishes (family Poeciliidae)
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