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FIGURE 4. Limnodrilus profundicola. A–D in Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp., from a sulfur cave in Colorado, USA, with notes on the morphologically similar L. profundicola (Clitellata, Naididae, Tubificinae)

FIGURE 4. Limnodrilus profundicola. A–D. Atrium and penis sheath: A, from Lake Biwa, Japan; B, from Lake Michigan, USA; C, from Lake Peipsi, Estonia; D, from Lake Kuril'skoe, Kamchatka. E. Spermatheca, from Lake Peipsi, Estonia. F. Spermatheca, from Lake Michigan, USA. G. A ventral chaetal bundle in VI, from Pärnu River, Estonia. H. Three ventral chaetae in VIII, from Lake Michigan, USA. I. Ventral chaetae in VII, Pärnu River, Estonia. J. Ventral chaetae in IV, Lake Michigan. K. Head of penis sheath, Lake Michigan, USA.

FIGURE 3. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n in Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp., from a sulfur cave in Colorado, USA, with notes on the morphologically similar L. profundicola (Clitellata, Naididae, Tubificinae)

FIGURE 3. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave. A. Dorsal and ventral chaetae from anterior segments, worm mounted in Canada balsam. B. Ventral chaetae in V, worm mounted in CMC-10. C. Ventral chaetae in VI, from the holotype. D. Dorsal chaetae in XLVII. E. Lateral view of segments V and VI, in a cleared whole mount, showing beginning of chloragogen in VI. F. Sagittal section from a posterior segment, showing dark chloragogen, a transverse blood vessel, and capillary vessels in epidermal layer. G, H. Sections through atria, showing junction with prostate gland. I. Penis sheaths, from a whole mount. J. Penis sheath, from the holotype. K. Ectal end of penis and sheath, from a sectioned, mature worm fixed in formalin. L. Ectal end of penis sheath, from a sectioned, nearly mature, unmated worm fixed in FAA. M. Spermatheca, from a transverse section. N. Spermatozeugma, from the holotype. O. Detail of spermathecal duct. Scale bars: 50 µm (A–D, F–H, K, L, N, O), 100 µm (E, I, J, M).

FIGURE 2. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n in Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp., from a sulfur cave in Colorado, USA, with notes on the morphologically similar L. profundicola (Clitellata, Naididae, Tubificinae)

FIGURE 2. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave (A–D, F, G) and from Black Sulphur Springs (E), reproductive characters. A. Atrium and penis sheath of an unmated, nearly mature worm. B. Atrium and penis sheath from a mature, mated worm. C. Male duct from a mated worm. D, E. penis sheaths. F. Spermatozeugmata. G. Spermatheca.

FIGURE 1. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n in Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp., from a sulfur cave in Colorado, USA, with notes on the morphologically similar L. profundicola (Clitellata, Naididae, Tubificinae)

FIGURE 1. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave, exterior and somatic characters. A. Anterior ends of two whole, unmounted worms. B. Ventral chaetal bundle in IV, from a mature worm (n=19, including 10 partially developed). C. Left to right: two ventral chaetae in V, one from XX, from a mature worm. D. Ventral chaetae (n=13, including 6 partially developed) in V, from a very small, immature worm (diameter 0.3 mm). E. Dorsal chaetae from a mature worm, two each from V, X, and XXX. F. Ventral view of blood vessels in a posterior segment, showing junction of capillary vessels with ventral blood vessel, lateral vessels and (laterally displaced) dorsal blood vessel. G. Lateral view of dorsal and ventral blood vessels, as in Figure 1F.

FIGURE 8. Limnodrilus claparedianus Ratzel, 1868. A, B in Molecular taxonomy and description of a new species of Limnodrilus (Naididae, Clitellata, Annelida) in China

FIGURE 8. Limnodrilus claparedianus Ratzel, 1868. A, B. Dorsal chaetae in III and IV, respectively. C, D. Penis sheaths. Scale bars: A, B 10μm; C, D 70μm.

FIGURE 5. Limnodrilus paraclaparedianus n in Molecular taxonomy and description of a new species of Limnodrilus (Naididae, Clitellata, Annelida) in China

FIGURE 5. Limnodrilus paraclaparedianus n. sp., chitinous structures. A–D. Ventral chaetae in II, III, IV and V. E. Penis sheath.

FIGURE 3 in Molecular taxonomy and description of a new species of Limnodrilus (Naididae, Clitellata, Annelida) in China

FIGURE 3. Bayesian Inference tree of Limnodrilus spp. based on the ITS2 gene fragments. BI posterior probabilities> 0.60 are indicated.

FIGURE 4 in Molecular taxonomy and description of a new species of Limnodrilus (Naididae, Clitellata, Annelida) in China

FIGURE 4. SEM micrographs of Limnodrilus paraclaparedianus n. sp. A. Anterior end of worm, ventral view; B. Spermathecal pores; C, D. Ventral chaetae in II and VIII; E, F. Dorsal chaetae in III and IV. Scale bars: A-B: 100 µm; C-F: 10 µm.

FIGURE 2 in Molecular taxonomy and description of a new species of Limnodrilus (Naididae, Clitellata, Annelida) in China

FIGURE 2. Bayesian Inference tree of Limnodrilus spp. based on the 16S gene fragments. BI posterior probabilities> 0.60 are indicated.

FIGURE 1 in Molecular taxonomy and description of a new species of Limnodrilus (Naididae, Clitellata, Annelida) in China

FIGURE 1. Bayesian Inference tree of Limnodrilus spp. based on the COI gene fragments. BI posterior probabilities> 0.60 are indicated.

Fig. 4 in Independent acquisition of sulfide tolerance in a population of tubificine worms: a habitat extension for the Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri complex

Fig. 4 Maximum likelihood gene trees based on BSP1 and available mitochondrial COI, 12S, and nuclear ITS Limnodrilus sequences (see Fig. 5 left, 16 SrRNA). L. hoffmeisteri taxa are labeled and colored according to the clades numbered I–X described earlier. Abbreviations on taxon labels are: Lsu (L. sulphurensis), Lu (L. udekemianus), Lg (L. grandisetosus), Lr (L. rubripenis), Lc-c (L. claparedianus-cervix), Lc' (L. claparedianus isolate), Lm (L. maumeesis), Lp (L. profundicola), Ls

Fig. 1 A in Independent acquisition of sulfide tolerance in a population of tubificine worms: a habitat extension for the Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri complex

Fig. 1 A The layout of the springs and their effluents. Spring numbering (red circles) is based on Fuller (1905). Springs 1, 2, 3, and 6 produce sulfidic water. The larger stream to the northeast (broad, dark blue line) is non-sulfidic as is the effluent from spring 4. Remnants of the old rock wall are shown as a dotted brown line. This map represents the position of the streams in mid-summer, 2022. The dark blue dashed line shows the position of a now dry alternate route of the stream in the summer of 2017. "Lh" indicates where populations of the Blount Springs L. hoffmeisteri were abundant in late summer. Arrows indicated the direction of water flow. The locations of worm colonies of specimens used for morphological and molecular analysis are indicated by green circles. Specimens 213, 215, and 216 were from C21; specimens 273, 274, and 276 were from C27; specimens 362, 364, 365, and 366 were from C36; specimens 371, 372, 373, 374, 375, and 376 were from C37; specimen BSP1 was from C1, while all others used for morphology were from C1 or just downstream of that colony. B Dark substrate material in the gut just below the dorsal blood vessel in a live worm. C A cluster of tubificine worms found at Blount Springs with their heads buried in the black, fluffy substrate

Fig. 5 in Independent acquisition of sulfide tolerance in a population of tubificine worms: a habitat extension for the Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri complex

Fig. 5 Left: Maximum likelihood gene tree estimated from the taxonomically rich 16S rDNA sequence alignment of L. hoffmeisteri and related species. Of seven gene trees used infer the evolution relationship of the Blount Springs specimen, only this gene contained enough phylogenetically informative signal to resolve deep nodes of the tree. Resolution of these nodes shows that the 10-species complex of L. hoffmeisteri may not be monophyletic. This is consistent with the

Fig. 3 in Independent acquisition of sulfide tolerance in a population of tubificine worms: a habitat extension for the Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri complex

Fig. 3 Drawings of chaetae and reproductive structures, from a mature Blount Springs L. hoffmeisteri. A Ventral chaetal bundle, segment IV. B Penis sheath. C Male reproductive organs, showing (from

Figure 4 in Occurrence of peritrich ciliates on the limnic oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae) in the neotropics

Figure 4. The total abundance of Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri over the 11 months of the study varied among the sampling stations (S2, station 2; S3, station 3; S4, station 4; S5, station 5).

Figure 2 in Occurrence of peritrich ciliates on the limnic oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae) in the neotropics

Figure 2. (A–H) Peritrich ciliate Rhabdostyla sp. colonizing oligochaetes of the species Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri. (A–D) Light micrographs of Rhabdostyla sp. attached to the posterior region of the oligochaetes. (E, F) Details of the zooids observed in vivo. (G) Scanning electron micrograph of Rhabdostyla sp. attached to Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri. (H) Details of the zooid observed by scanning electron microscopy. Scale bars: (A–D, G) 100 mm; (E, F) 25 mm; (H) 20 mm.

Figure 6 in Occurrence of peritrich ciliates on the limnic oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae) in the neotropics

Figure 6. Prevalence of infestation data at the four sampling stations (S2–S5) during the 11 collections (C1–C11).

Figure 1 in Occurrence of peritrich ciliates on the limnic oligochaete Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae) in the neotropics

Figure 1. Three patterns of site preference of Rhabdostyla sp. colonizing oligochaetes of the species Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri. (A) Concentrated in the posterior region; (B) dispersed in the posterior region; (C) dispersed along the length of the host body. Scale bars 0.3 mm.