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Fig. 7 in Fishermen's local ecological knowledge on Southeastern Brazilian coastal fishes: contributions to research, conservation, and management

Fig. 7. Ordination plot of the correspondence analysis (first two axes) based on fishermen's answers about fishing season of the nine studied fish species in the southeastern Brazilian coast: Absa = Abudefduf saxatilis; Boru = Bodianus rufus; Cala = Caranx latus; Epma = Epinephelus marginatus; Haau = Haemulon aurolineatum; Heba = Hemiramphus balao; Kysp = Kyphosus spp.; Mifu = Micropogonias furnieri; Sesp = Seriola spp.

Fig. 6 in Fishermen's local ecological knowledge on Southeastern Brazilian coastal fishes: contributions to research, conservation, and management

Fig. 6. Ordination plot of the correspondence analysis (first two axes) based on fishermen's answers about migratory routes of the nine studied fish species in the southeastern Brazilian coast: Absa = Abudefduf saxatilis; Boru = Bodianus rufus; Cala = Caranx latus; Epma = Epinephelus marginatus; Haau = Haemulon aurolineatum; Heba = Hemiramphus balao; Kysp = Kyphosus spp.; Mifu = Micropogonias furnieri; Sesp = Seriola spp.

Fig. 4 in Fishermen's local ecological knowledge on Southeastern Brazilian coastal fishes: contributions to research, conservation, and management

Fig. 4. Trophic chain based on those food items and predators most cited by fishermen in the southeastern Brazilian coast for a) reef fishes and b) pelagic fishes. Numbers are percent of interviewed fishermen who mentioned each feeding interaction. Fish sizes are not in scale. Those feeding interactions that agree with reported feeding habits of these fishes in the biological literature are marked *(Randall, 1967; Berkeley & Houde, 1978; Menezes & Figueiredo, 1980; Sazima, 1986; Pipitone & Andaloro, 1995; Barreiros & Santos, 1998; Vasconcellos & Gasalla, 2001; Silvano, 2001; Silvano & Güth, 2006; Figueiredo & Vieira, 2005; Gibran, 2007).

Fig. 3 in Fishermen's local ecological knowledge on Southeastern Brazilian coastal fishes: contributions to research, conservation, and management

Fig. 3. Main habitats of fishes according to fishermen in the southeastern Brazilian coast: percentages of fishermen who mentioned each habitat category are in Appendix 1. Double-headed arrows indicate that fishes occur in both habitats in horizontal space (e.g. open ocean and reefs), up and down arrows indicate that fishes occur in both habitats in vertical space (e.g., near the bottom and at the surface). Fish sizes are not in scale.

Fig. 1 in Fishermen's local ecological knowledge on Southeastern Brazilian coastal fishes: contributions to research, conservation, and management

Fig. 1. Ordination plot of the correspondence analysis (first two axes) based on fishermen answers about uses of the nine studied fish species in the southeastern Brazilian coast: Absa = Abudefduf saxatilis; Boru = Bodianus rufus; Cala = Caranx latus; Epma = Epinephelus marginatus; Haau = Haemulon aurolineatum; Heba = Hemiramphus balao; Kysp = Kyphosus spp.; Mifu = Micropogonias furnieri; Sesp = Seriola spp.

Fig. 2 in Fishermen's local ecological knowledge on Southeastern Brazilian coastal fishes: contributions to research, conservation, and management

Fig. 2. Ordination plots of the correspondence analysis (first two axes) based on fishermen answers about fishing methods and baits of the nine studied fish species in the southeastern Brazilian coast: Absa = Abudefduf saxatilis; Boru = Bodianus rufus; Cala = Caranx latus; Epma = Epinephelus marginatus; Haau = Haemulon aurolineatum; Heba = Hemiramphus balao; Kysp = Kyphosus spp.; Mifu = Micropogonias furnieri; Sesp = Seriola spp.

Fig. 8 in Fishermen's local ecological knowledge on Southeastern Brazilian coastal fishes: contributions to research, conservation, and management

Fig. 8. Ordination plot of the correspondence analysis (first two axes) based on fishermen's answers about reproductive (spawning) season of the nine studied fish species in the southeastern Brazilian coast: Absa = Abudefduf saxatilis; Boru = Bodianus rufus; Cala = Caranx latus; Epma = Epinephelus marginatus; Haau = Haemulon aurolineatum; Heba = Hemiramphus balao; Kysp = Kyphosus spp.; Mifu = Micropogonias furnieri; Sesp = Seriola spp.

Fig. 5 in Fishermen's local ecological knowledge on Southeastern Brazilian coastal fishes: contributions to research, conservation, and management

Fig. 5. Ordination plot of the correspondence analysis (first two axes) based on fishermen's answers about migratory behavior of the nine studied fish species in the southeastern Brazilian coast: Absa = Abudefduf saxatilis; Boru = Bodianus rufus; Cala = Caranx latus; Epma = Epinephelus marginatus; Haau = Haemulon aurolineatum; Heba = Hemiramphus balao; Kysp = Kyphosus spp.; Mifu = Micropogonias furnieri; Sesp = Seriola spp.

FIGURE 5 in Impacts on fisheries assessed by local ecological knowledge in a reservoir cascade in the lower São Francisco River, northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 5 | Maximum Similitude Tree showing the expression and relationship of impacts over fisheries in the four areas sampled on the Sub-Middle and on Lower São Francisco, based on fishers' testimonies (n = 107).

FIGURE 4 in Impacts on fisheries assessed by local ecological knowledge in a reservoir cascade in the lower São Francisco River, northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 4 | Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling (NMDS) analysis concerning impacts over the ichthyofauna in the four sampled areas on the Sub-Middle and Lower São Francisco.

FIGURE 3 in Impacts on fisheries assessed by local ecological knowledge in a reservoir cascade in the lower São Francisco River, northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 3 | List of main impacts mentioned in A. Area 1, B. Area 2, C. Area 3, and D. Area 4, according to fishers from the final portion of the Sub-Middle and Lower São Francisco. Dam: dams; Mac: macrophytes; Aqu: aquaculture; Pol: pollution; Ovf: overfishing; Abr: absence of rain; Def: deforestation; Sil: silting; Salt: salinity.

FIGURE 2 in Impacts on fisheries assessed by local ecological knowledge in a reservoir cascade in the lower São Francisco River, northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 2 | Frequency (A) and Word Cloud (B) analyses regarding the impacts over the ichthyofauna, according to fishers from the four sampled areas on the Sub-Middle and on Lower São Francisco. a. Dam; b. Macrophytes; c. Pollution; d. Overfishing; e. Absence of rain; f. Aquaculture; g. Deforestation; h. Silting; i. Water transfer; j. Non-native species; k. Irrigation; l. Pesticide; m. Salinization.

FIGURE 1 in Impacts on fisheries assessed by local ecological knowledge in a reservoir cascade in the lower São Francisco River, northeastern Brazil

FIGURE 1 | Fishers' communities on the four areas visited on the Sub-Middle and on Lower São Francisco, Northeastern Brazil. PE = Pernambuco State; BA = Bahia State; AL = Alagoas State; SE = Sergipe State.

Fig. 5. a in Local ecological knowledge of fishers about the life cycle and temporal patterns in the migration of mullet (Mugil liza) in Southern Brazil

Fig. 5. a) Whole muscular stomach (gizzard) and b) Opened gizzard, with sand and mud (in March), both of mullet (Mugil liza).

Fig. 3 in Local ecological knowledge of fishers about the life cycle and temporal patterns in the migration of mullet (Mugil liza) in Southern Brazil

Fig. 3. Percentage of the interviewed fishers (n=45) that cited the month when mullet exiting lagoons/estuaries ('criadouros') for migration, spawning and return. Some fishermen cited more than one month for each event, five did not knew about when spawning occurred and seven when mullets returned to the lagoons/estuaries.

Fig. 4 in Local ecological knowledge of fishers about the life cycle and temporal patterns in the migration of mullet (Mugil liza) in Southern Brazil

Fig. 4. Abdominal checking of mullet (Mugil liza) sex. a) Female: yellow eggs (n=27) through the urogenital orifice, and b) Male: white eggs/sperm (n=36) through the urogenital orifice.

Fig. 2 in Local ecological knowledge of fishers about the life cycle and temporal patterns in the migration of mullet (Mugil liza) in Southern Brazil

Fig. 2. The life cycle of the mullet Mugil liza following local ecological knowledge of fishers from Santa Catarina State: a) Exit of mullets from 'criadouros' or breeding sites (lagoons and estuaries) to the sea (n= 45); b) Migration of mullets known as 'corrida' (run) and recurrent gathering with smaller schools (schooling or thickening process). The outlined map represents the Santa Catarina State coastline and main stopping/fishing sites for mullets. Arrows corresponds to our data-collection sites, which were indicated as main fishing locations; c) Outline of Santa Catarina State island (Florianópolis city) and Bombinhas as most external (to the East) coastal areas and where larger captures of mullets occurs during the fishing season; d) Male and female spawning with respective milky ('ova leiteira') and yellowish ('ova amarela') gonads. According to most of our informants, after fecundation female mullets may hold their eggs under their scales until they become juvenile; e) Northward migration to São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro states, following by their (adults plus juveniles) southward return to lagoons and estuaries; f) Entrance of adult mullets and recruitment of juveniles in lagoons and estuaries; g) Growth and feeding of adults and juveniles in lagoons and estuaries.

Fig. 1 in Local ecological knowledge of fishers about the life cycle and temporal patterns in the migration of mullet (Mugil liza) in Southern Brazil

Fig. 1. Santa Catarina State coast, data collection sites (triangles) and the number of interviewed fishermen (in parenthesis; total N=45).