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23 results for “Locust Phase”
Comparative analysis of phenotypic plasticity sheds light on the evolution and molecular underpinnings of locust phase polyphenism
<p>Locusts exhibit one of nature's most spectacular examples of complex phenotypic plasticity, in which changes in density cause solitary and cryptic individuals to transform into gregarious and conspicuous locusts forming large migrating swarms. We investigated how these coordinated alternative phenotypes might have evolved by studying the Central American locust and three closely related non-swarming grasshoppers in a comparative framework. By experimentally isolating and crowding during nymphal development, we induced density-dependent phenotypic plasticity and quantified the resulting behavioural, morphological, and molecular reaction norms. All four species exhibited clear plasticity, but the individual reaction norms varied among species and showed different magnitudes. Transcriptomic responses were species-specific, but density-responsive genes were functionally similar across species. There were modules of co-expressed genes that were highly correlated with plastic reaction norms, revealing a potential molecular basis of density-dependent phenotypic plasticity. These findings collectively highlight the importance of studying multiple reaction norms from a comparative perspective.</p>
Comparative analysis of phenotypic plasticity sheds light on the evolution and molecular underpinnings of locust phase polyphenism
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Supplementary material 1 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Supplementary material 1 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Data from: Demographic processes shaping genetic variation of the solitarious phase of the desert locust
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Data from: Paternal epigenetic effects of population density on locust phase-related characteristics associated with heat-shock protein expression
Many species exhibit transgenerational plasticity by which environmental cues experienced by either parent can be transmitted to their offspring, resulting in phenotypic variants in offspring to match ancestral environments. However, the manner by which paternal experiences affect offspring plasticity through epigenetic inheritance in animals generally remains unclear. In this study, we examined the transgenerational effects of population density on phase-related traits in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria. Using an experimental design that explicitly controls genetic background, we found that the effects of crowd or isolation rearing on phase plasticity could be inherited to the offspring. The isolation of gregarious locusts resulted in reduced weight in offspring eggs and altered morphometric traits in hatchlings, whereas crowding of solitarious locusts exhibited opposite effects. The consequences of density changes were transmitted by both maternal and paternal inheritance, although the expression of paternal effects was not as pronounced as that of maternal effects. Prominent expression of heat-shock proteins (Hsps), such as Hsp90, Hsp70, and Hsp20.6, could be triggered by density changes. Hsps were significantly upregulated upon crowding but downregulated upon isolation. The variation in parental Hsp expression was also transmitted to the offspring, in which the pattern of inheritance was consistent with that of phase characteristics. These results revealed a paternal effect on phase polyphenism and Hsp expression induced by population density, and defined a model system that could be used to study the paternal epigenetic inheritance of environmental changes.
Fig 11 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 11 Nymphal development in G1 Locusta migratoria reared at LD 12:12 h (A) and LD 16:8 h (B) and the ratios of nymphal development at LD 16:8h to that at LD 12:12 h (C) plotted against the latitudes. Red and green symbols indicate females and males, respectively. N indicates sample size based on Suppl. material 1: table S9. **, p < 0.01.
Fig 10 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 10 Body weight of hatchlings from eggs laid by G0 and G1 Locusta migratoria females. Each N is based on 51–443 hatchlings (mean = 190.8). N indicates the number of populations (see Suppl. material 1: table S8). Correlations are insignificant at the 5% level.
Fig 9 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 9 Numbers of ovarioles in field-collected and lab-reared Locusta migratoria females plotted against the latitudes (A), generations (B), and head widths of females of the parental generation, (C) and the proportions of functional ovarioles (no. of eggs / no. of ovarioles) plotted against the latitudes in field-collected females (D). **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001. G0, field-collected generation; G1, 1st lab-reared generation; G2, 2nd lab-reared generation. Mean numbers of ovarioles (± SD) among generations in (B) are compared with the Tukey's multiple comparison test. Different letters indicate significant differences at the 5% level. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: table S6.
Fig 6 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 6 Geographic variation in head widths of Locusta migratoria adults reared at LD 12:12 h or LD 16:8 h (30°C) in the first 3 laboratory generations. Red and green symbols showing means per cage indicate females and males, respectively. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: table S3.
Fig 13 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 13 The growth efficiencies, as determined by adult head width/duration of nymphal development, plotted against the latitudes (A) and correlation between adult head widths of G0 and growth efficiencies of G1 at LD 12:12 h (B) or LD 16:8 h (C) in Locusta migratoria. N indicates sample sizes. **; p < 0.01; ***, p< 0.0001. Red and green symbols indicate females and males, respectively. In (A) the quadrat equation is y = -0.0003x2 + 0.0248x - 0.1684 in females and y = -0.0003x2 + 0.0248x - 0.1684 in males. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: tables S9, S10.
Fig 14 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 14 F/C (hind femur length / head width) and E/F (forewing length/hind femur length) ratios of Locusta migratoria adults collected in the field (G0) and those reared at LD 12:12 h (G1–G3). Red and green symbols indicate females and males, respectively. Symbols in (A) and (E) indicate the mean of each population and those in (B–D, F–H) indicate the mean of individuals per cage. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: tables S2, S3. *, p < 0.05; **; p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.0001.
Fig 3 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 3 Geographic variation in head widths (mean ± SD) of Locusta migratoria adults collected at various latitudes. Top and bottom diagrams illustrate the phylogenetic origin (Tokuda et al. 2010) and number of generations per year (as shown in Fig. 2). Red and green symbols indicate females and males, respectively. r indicates the correlation coefficient within each zone (see Suppl. material 1: table S3). *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: table S2.
Fig 1 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 1 Collection sites of Locusta migratoria in Japan. Numbers indicate the sites where locusts were collected. For the names of the sites, see Suppl. material 1: table S1.
Fig 16 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 16 Relationships between male and female head widths of field-collected Locusta migratoria adults. The dashed line indicates similar body sizes of both sexes. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: table S2.
Fig 8 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 8 Relationships between numbers of eggs per pod, egg pod widths, and head widths of Locusta migratoria female parents collected in the field. *, p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.001. Orange and white symbols indicate populations of the north and south clades, respectively. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: table S5.
Fig 2 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 2 Diagram showing compositions of Locusta migratoria populations with 1, 2 and 3 or more generations per year based on various sources (H. Tanaka 1982, Hakomori and Tanaka 1992, Tanaka 1994, Shimizu et al. 2012, Tanaka 2022).
Fig 15 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 15 Changes in mean F/C (hind femur length/head width) and E/F (forewing length/hind femur length) ratios of adults across generations in Locusta migratoria. Sample sizes in G0–3 are 29, 30, 27 and 26 in (A) and (C) and 29, 31, 24 and 19 in (B) and (D). Locusts were reared in a group in G1–G3 at 30°C under LD12:12h or LD 16:8h. White and gray histograms indicate females and males, respectively. Different letters indicate significant differences in mean values with the Steel-Dwass test (p < 0.05). Data are based on Suppl. material 1: tables S2, S3.
Fig 12 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 12 Relationships between lengths of nymphal development and adult head width in G1 Locusta migratoria reared at LD12:12 h (A) and LD 16:8 h (B). Correlations are insignificant at the 5% level. Red and green symbols indicate females and males, respectively. Each symbol indicates the mean of each population based on Suppl. material 1: table S10.
Fig 4 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 4 Head widths (mean ± SD) of field-collected Locusta migratoria adults plotted against the annual mean temperatures at the collection sites. Top diagrams show the phylogenetic origin (Tokuda et al. 2010). Red and green symbols indicate females and males, respectively. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: table S2.
Fig 17 from: Tanaka S (2024) Geographic variation in body size of the migratory locust Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera, Acrididae): Masaki's cline and phase polyphenism. Journal of Orthoptera Research 33(1): 27-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.33.107242
Fig 17 Ratios of female head width to male head width of Locusta migratoria adults plotted against the latitudes in the field-collected adults (G0) and those reared at LD 12:12 h (B, D, F) and LD 16:8 h (C, E, G). The correlations between the two variables are all significant (p < 0.05) except for G3. Data are based on Suppl. material 1: tables S2, S3.
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