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10,020 results for “M 1”
Global GFED-based monthly burned area time series (1996-2016) at 1 km and ESA CCI MODIS-based long-term monthly P90 burned area occurrence at 500 m
<p>Contains two separate datasets:</p> <ol> <li>Global <a href="https://www.globalfiredata.org/data.html">GFED-based monthly burned area</a> (in ha) <a href="https://youtu.be/kBJcP8mL2Qs">time series (1996-2016)</a> at 1 km (downscaled using cubic-splines from 25 km);</li> <li>Global burned area long term (2000-2012) P90 (quantile probability = 0.9) based on the <a href="http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/index.php">ESA CCI burned area accumulated weekly product</a>;</li> </ol> <p>Original GFED monthly data is provided as HDF4 files (ftp.fuoco.geog.umd.edu/data/GFED/GFED4). Dataset is described in detail in <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrg.20042">Giglio et al. (2013)</a>. Processing steps are available <a href="https://gitlab.com/openlandmap/global-layers/tree/master/input_layers/GFED"><strong>here</strong></a>. Antarctica is not included.</p> <p>To access and visualize global datasets use: <a href="https://openlandmap.org"><strong>https://openlandmap.org</strong></a> or watch <a href="https://youtu.be/kBJcP8mL2Qs"><strong>this video</strong></a>.</p> <p>If you discover a bug, artifact or inconsistency in the maps, or if you have a question please use some of the following channels:</p> <ul> <li>Technical issues and questions about the code: <a href="https://gitlab.com/openlandmap/global-layers/issues">https://gitlab.com/openlandmap/global-layers/issues</a> </li> </ul> <p>All files provided as Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFFs / internally compressed using "COMPRESS=DEFLATE" creation option in GDAL. File naming convention:</p> <ul> <li>nhz = theme: natural hazards,</li> <li>monthly.burned.ha = variable: estimated monthly burned area in ha,</li> <li>gfed = data source GFED data,</li> <li>m = mean value,</li> <li>1km = spatial resolution / block support: 1 km,</li> <li>s0..0cm = vertical reference: land surface,</li> <li>2000.02 = time reference aggregated: month Feb of year 2000,</li> <li>v4 = version number: GFEDv4,</li> </ul>
Global MODIS-based snow cover monthly long-term (2000-2012) at 500 m, and aggregated monthly values (2000-2020) at 1 km
<p>The Global monthly snow cover repository contains multiple products (based on the MODIS/Terra MOD10A2):</p> <ol> <li>Global snow cover monthly long-term (2000–2012) P90 and standard deviation derived from the <a href="http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/index.php">ESA CCI snow cover weekly product</a>;</li> <li>Global snow cover monthly values P05, P50 and P95 for the period 2000–2020 derived using <a href="https://climate.esa.int/en/odp/#/project/snow">ESA snow cover fraction daily 1-km values</a>;</li> <li>Min and max geometric temperatures for the mid-month (dtm_temp.max_geom.*_m_1km_s0..0cm_xxxx_epsg4326_v1.tif);</li> </ol> <p>Quantiles (probability either 0.05, 0.5, 0.9 and/or 0.95) have been derived by matching dates in the filenames (daily or weekly values). After deriving quantiles, gaps were filled using temporal neighbors (e.g. missing values for year 2002 were filled using average of values between year 2001 and 2003). The gaps were especially large for months of November, December, January and February, northern Hemisphere. Important note: maps still contain some artifacts due to high reflections of white-sands e.g. Salar de Uyuni desert in Bolivia and similar. Processing steps are available <a href="https://gitlab.com/openlandmap/global-layers/tree/master/input_layers/snow.cover"><strong>here</strong></a>. Antarctica is not included.</p> <p>To access and visualize global datasets use: <a href="https://openlandmap.org"><strong>https://openlandmap.org</strong></a></p> <p>If you discover a bug, artifact or inconsistency in the maps, or if you have a question please use some of the following channels:</p> <ul> <li>Technical issues and questions about the code: <a href="https://gitlab.com/openlandmap/global-layers/issues">https://gitlab.com/openlandmap/global-layers/issues</a> </li> </ul> <p>All files provided as Cloud-Optimized GeoTIFFs / internally compressed using "COMPRESS=DEFLATE" creation option in GDAL. File naming convention:</p> <ul> <li>clm = theme: climate,</li> <li>snow.cover = variable: snow cover fractions,</li> <li>esa.modis = data source ESA snow product,</li> <li>p.90 = upper 90% quantile,</li> <li>1km = spatial resolution / block support: 1 km,</li> <li>s0..0cm = vertical reference: land surface,</li> <li>2000..2012 = time reference aggregated: from 2000 to 2012,</li> <li>v1 = version number: 1,</li> </ul>
Global DEM derivatives at 250 m, 1 km and 2 km based on the MERIT DEM
<p>Layers include: various DEM derivatives computed using SAGA GIS at 250 m and using MERIT DEM (Yamazaki et al., 2017) as input. Antartica is not included. MERIT DEM was first reprojected to 6 global tiles based on the Equi7 grid system (Bauer-Marschallinger et al. 2014) and then these were used to derive all DEM derivatives. To access original DEM tiles please refer to MERIT DEM <a href="http://hydro.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~yamadai/MERIT_DEM/">download page</a>.</p> <p>To access and visualize maps use: <a href="http://www.openlandmap.org/">OpenLandMap.org</a></p> <p>If you discover a bug, artifact or inconsistency in the maps, or if you have a question please use some of the following channels:</p> <ul> <li>Technical issues and questions about the code: <a href="https://gitlab.com/openlandmap/global-layers/issues">https://gitlab.com/openlandmap/global-layers/issues</a> </li> <li>General questions and comments: <a href="https://disqus.com/home/forums/landgis/">https://disqus.com/home/forums/landgis/</a></li> </ul> <p>All files internally compressed using "COMPRESS=DEFLATE" creation option in GDAL. File naming convention:</p> <ul> <li>dtm = theme: digital terrain models,</li> <li>twi = variable: SAGA GIS Topographic Wetness Index,</li> <li>merit.dem = determination method: MERIT DEM,</li> <li>m = mean value,</li> <li>1km = spatial resolution / block support: 1 km,</li> <li>s0..0cm = vertical reference: land surface,</li> <li>2017 = time reference: year 2017,</li> <li>v1.0 = version number: 1.0,</li> </ul>
Global peatland, bare rock and bare sand extent at 100 m to 1 km spatial resolution based on multisource data
<p>Ensemble estimate of the global distribution of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peatland">peatlands</a> / extent (<strong>peatland.extent_wri.gfw.peatgrids_p</strong>). This is a simple average from three (3) sources of data:</p> <ol> <li><a href="https://data.globalforestwatch.org/datasets/gfw::global-peatlands/about">WRI Global Peatlands extent map</a> at 30-m (250-m effective);</li> <li><a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12559238">PEATGRIDS</a> at 1-km;</li> <li><a href="https://globalpeatlands.org/new-online-global-peatland-map-asian-peatlands-story-map-presenting-best-peatlands-mapping">Global Peatlands Map 2.0</a> produced by the Global Peatlands Initiative;</li> </ol> <p>The average between the three sources is an extent map with value 0–100%. The refence period is 2000–2020, although probably most of data is based on pre 2010. For more details about the source data please refer to the cited references below.</p> <p>Bare rock and bare sand estimates are based on the following two sources of data:</p> <ol> <li><a href="https://land.copernicus.eu/en/products/global-dynamic-land-cover">Copernicus GLC land cover</a> at 100-m for 2015 and 2019;</li> <li><a href="https://lcz-generator.rub.de/global-lcz-map">Local Climate zones</a> map at 100-m for 2018;</li> </ol> <p>Two classes are considered: (1) probability of occurrence of bare rock (<strong>bare.rock_glc.gfz_p</strong>), (2) probability of occurrence of bare sand i.e. shifting sand (<strong>bare.soil.sand_glc.gfz_p</strong>). We recommend using only the 1-km data for spatial modeling.</p> <p>The time-series of bare areas (<strong>bare.areas_esa.cci_p</strong>) are based on the <a href="https://climate.esa.int/en/odp/#/project/land-cover">ESA CCI Land Cover time-series</a> (2000–2022) 300-m resolution data; also available at 1-km resolution based on "average" resampling. </p>
Protected planet (protected areas), forests and intact forest landscapes at 100 m, 250 m to 1 km resolution
<p><a href="https://www.protectedplanet.net/en/thematic-areas/wdpa?tab=WDPA">Protected planet</a> (protected areas; version Oct 2024) and <a href="https://intactforests.org/data.ifl.html">intact forest landscapes</a> (2000, 2013, 2016 and 2020) rasterized to 100 m, 250 m and 1 km resolutions. The aggregated map contains all pixels that are either protected or intacts. To use these resources please refer to original data producers:</p> <ul> <li>Defourny, P., Lamarche, C., Bontemps, S., De Maet, T., Van Bogaert, E., Moreau, I., Brockmann, C., Boettcher, M., Kirches, G., Wevers, J., Santoro, M., Ramoino, F., & Arino, O. (2017). Land Cover Climate Change Initiative - Product User Guide v2. Issue 2.0. <a href="http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download/ESACCI-LC-Ph2-PUGv2_2.0.pdf">http://maps.elie.ucl.ac.be/CCI/viewer/download/ESACCI-LC-Ph2-PUGv2_2.0.pdf</a></li> <li>Olsson, E., Albrecht, R., & Golden Kroner, R.E. (2021). PADDDtracker Data Release Version 2.1: Technical Notes. Conservation International, Arlington, VA. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.4749615.</li> <li>Potapov, P., Hansen, M. C., Laestadius L., Turubanova S., Yaroshenko A., Thies C., Smith W., Zhuravleva I., Komarova A., Minnemeyer S., Esipova E. The last frontiers of wilderness: Tracking loss of intact forest landscapes from 2000 to 2013. <a href="http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/1/e1600821">Science Advances, 2017; 3:e1600821</a></li> <li>UNEP-WCMC and IUCN (2024), Protected Planet: The World Database on Protected Areas (WDPA) [Online], October 2024, Cambridge, UK: UNEP-WCMC and IUCN. Available at: <a title="Visit Protected Planet" href="http://protectedplanet.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">www.protectedplanet.net</a>.</li> </ul> <p>The time-series of forest areas (<strong>forest.areas_esa.cci_p</strong>) are based on the <a href="https://climate.esa.int/en/odp/#/project/land-cover">ESA CCI Land Cover time-series</a> (2000–2022) 300-m resolution data; also available at 1-km resolution based on "average" resampling. Two maps (<strong>forest.cover.sum_esa.cci_p_250m</strong> and <strong>forest.cover.diff_esa.cci_p_250m</strong>) show long term cumulative forest cover and difference in forest cover for 2022 vs 2000.</p> <p>The protected planet areas and intact forest landscapes were rasterized using:</p> <pre><code>## https://www.protectedplanet.net/en/thematic-areas/wdpa?tab=WDPA for(j in 0:2){ system(paste0('gdal_rasterize -ot Byte -a_nodata 0 -burn 100 -where "IUCN_CAT LIKE \'I%\'" /data/CCI_LandCover/WDPA_Oct2024_Public_shp_', j, '/WDPA_Oct2024_Public_shp-polygons.shp WDPA_Oct2024_Public_shp_', j, '_1km.tif -tr 0.008333333 0.008333333 -te -180 -65.00208 180 87.37 -co COMPRESS=DEFLATE -a_srs EPSG:4326')) } s = sds(rast("WDPA_Oct2024_Public_shp_ALL_0_1km.tif"), rast("WDPA_Oct2024_Public_shp_ALL_1_1km.tif"), rast("WDPA_Oct2024_Public_shp_ALL_2_1km.tif")) dg.x = app(s, fun=max, na.rm=TRUE, cores = 32) dg.x0 = terra::ifel(is.na(dg.x), 0, dg.x, filename="protected.areas_wdpa.all_p_1km_s_2023_2024_go_epsg4326_v20241025.tif", wopt=list(gdal=c("COMPRESS=DEFLATE"), datatype='INT2S'), overwrite=TRUE) ## https://intactforests.org/data.ifl.html for(j in c(2000,2013,2016,2020)){ system(paste0('gdal_rasterize -ot Byte -a_nodata 0 -burn 100 -l \"ifl_', j, '\" /mnt/lacus/raw/protectedplanet/ifl_', j, '.shp intact.forest_gfw_p_1km_s_', j, '0101_', j, '1231_go_epsg4326_v20241025.tif -tr 0.008333333 0.008333333 -te -180 -65.00208 180 87.37 -co COMPRESS=DEFLATE -a_srs EPSG:4326')) } ## Combination IFL & WPDA b = sds(rast("protected.areas_wdpa.all_p_1km_s_2023_2024_go_epsg4326_v20241025.tif"), rast("intact.forest_gfw_p_1km_s_20200101_20201231_go_epsg4326_v20241025.tif")) bg.x = app(b, fun=max, na.rm=TRUE, cores = 32) bg.x0 = terra::ifel(is.na(bg.x), 0, bg.x, filename="protected.intact.areas_wdpa.ifl_p_1km_s_2020_2024_go_epsg4326_v20241025.tif", wopt=list(gdal=c("COMPRESS=DEFLATE"), datatype='INT2S'), overwrite=TRUE)</code></pre>
Larval euphausiids collected using a 1 x 1 m square frame net with 333-μm mesh aboard Palmer LTER annual cruises off the coast of the Western Antarctic Peninsula, 1993-2013
Euphausiids (krill) are abundant along the Western Antarctic Peninsula where they have important impacts on the marine ecosystem and biogeochemical cycling. Euphausiids develop through a series of morphologically distinct larval stages within the first year of their life cycle. The calyptopis stages are followed by the furcilia stages before individuals recruit to the post-larval population. Larvae collected during Janury were most likely spawned during the preceding weeks or months of Antarctic spring/summer. Euphausia superba and Thysanoessa macrura are the most abundant euphausiid species along the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Euphausia crystallorophias, Euphausia frigida, and Euphausia triacantha are present but less abundant in the region. Samples were collected with a 1 x 1 m square frame net with 333-μm mesh towed obliquely to a depth of typically 300 m. Density of total calyptopis and furcilia larvae (all species combined) was determined for a subset of samples collected on the annual Palmer LTER cruises to cover the latitudinal and cross-shelf gradients of the study region. Larval euphausiid abundance varies spatially as spawning output is not homogeneous across the region. Larval euphausiid abundance also varies year-to-year due to changes in population demographics and environmental conditions.
Mesozooplankton taxonomic density collected using a 1-m diameter ring net with 200-μm mesh at Palmer Station, Antarctica during Palmer LTER field seasons, 2017-2020
Zooplankton are a morphologically and taxonomically diverse group of animals. Many zooplankton feed on phytoplankton in surface waters and thus provide a link between primary producers and higher trophic levels. The numerical density of common mesozooplankton taxa was determined at Palmer LTER Stations B and E. Samples were collected with a 1-m diameter, 200-μm mesh ring net towed obliquely from the surface to a target depth of 50 m and back. Tows were conducted during daytime, and sampling frequency was nominally twice weekly while personnel were at Palmer Station between the months of November and March. The preserved samples were size-fractionated with nested sieves into five size classes (0.2−0.5, 0.5−1, 1−2, 2−5, and >5 mm) prior to microscopic enumeration. Data are provided for the following taxa: copepods Oithona spp., Calanoides acutus (>1 mm only), Calanus propinquus (>1 mm only), Rhincalanus gigas (>1 mm only), and small calanoids (0.2−1 mm), chaetognaths, asteroid larvae, nemertean larvae, and foraminifera (not quantified in all years). Individual size fractions were split and subsampled such that at least 100 individuals of the most abundant taxon were present. Density varies across taxa, seasonally, among years, and between sampling stations. Units of density are individuals per cubic meter.
Macrozooplankton taxonomic density collected using a 1 x 1 m square net with 700-μm mesh at Palmer Station, Antarctica during Palmer LTER field seasons, 2017-2020
Zooplankton are a morphologically and taxonomically diverse group of animals. Many zooplankton feed on phytoplankton in surface waters and thus provide a link between primary producers and higher trophic levels. The numerical density of common macrozooplankton taxa was determined at Palmer LTER Stations B and E. Samples were collected with a 1 x 1 m square, 700-μm mesh Metro net towed obliquely from the surface to a target depth of 50 m and back. Duplicate tows typically were conducted at each sampling site. Tows were conducted during daytime, and sampling frequency was nominally twice weekly while personnel were at Palmer Station between the months of November and March. The catch was sorted and counted live. Data are provided for the following taxa, which dominated biomass: the euphausiids Euphausia superba and Thysanoessa macrura, the thecosome pteropod Limacina rangii, gymnosome pteropods, the salp Salpa thompsoni, amphipods, and larval fishes. Density varies across taxa, seasonally, among years, and between sampling stations. Units of density are individuals per cubic meter.
Size-fractionated zooplankton dry weight collected using a 1-m diameter ring net with 200-μm mesh at Palmer Station, Antarctica during Palmer LTER field seasons, 2017-2020
Zooplankton are a morphologically and taxonomically diverse group of animals. Many zooplankton feed on phytoplankton in surface waters and thus provide a link between primary producers and higher trophic levels. The density of zooplankton dry weight for five size fractions was determined at Palmer LTER Stations B and E. Samples were collected with a 1-m diameter, 200-μm mesh ring net towed obliquely from the surface to a target depth of 50 m and back. Tows were conducted during daytime, and sampling frequency was nominally twice weekly while personnel were at Palmer Station between the months of November and March. One-half of the catch was size-fractionated with nested sieves into the following five size classes for biomass analysis: 0.2−0.5, 0.5−1, 1−2, 2−5, and >5 mm. Individual size fractions were concentrated on preweighed 200 μm mesh filters and frozen at −20°C until analysis. Samples were thawed, weighed to determine wet biomass, dried at 60°C for at least 24 h, and weighed again to determine dry biomass. Zooplankton density varies across size groups, seasonally, among years, and between sampling stations. Units of biomass density are milligrams dry weight per cubic meter.
Global cropland extent (fractions) annual 2000-2022 at 250 m and 1 km
<p>Global cropland extent annual for 2000-2022 based on the <a href="https://glad.umd.edu/dataset/croplands">Potapov et al. (2021)</a>. Cropland defined as: land used for annual and perennial herbaceous crops for human consumption, forage (including hay), and biofuel. Perennial woody crops, permanent pastures, and shifting cultivation are excluded from the definition. The original 30-m resolution data (0/1 values) was interpolated from time-series 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019 to annual values 2000 to 2022 using linear interpolation. All values shown are in principle fractions 0-100%. The 30-m and 100-m resoluton images (COGs) are too large for Zenodo but you can access them from URLs in the filenames_openlandmap_cropland.txt file. See for example (drop the URL in QGIS):</p> <ul> <li>https://s3.eu-central-1.wasabisys.com/openlandmap/layers30m/cropland_glad.potapov.et.al_p_30m_s_20030101_20031231_go_epsg.4326_v20240624.tif (3.2GB)</li> <li>https://s3.eu-central-1.wasabisys.com/openlandmap/layers100m/cropland_glad.potapov.et.al_p_100m_s_20030101_20031231_go_epsg.4326_v20240624.tif (2.3GB)</li> </ul> <p><strong>Disclaimer</strong>: linear interpolation has limited accuracy and is basically only used to gap-fill the missing years. The remaining missing values in the maps can be ALL consider to be 0 value for cropland. A more detailed up-to-date cropland map of the world is provided by <a href="https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-5491-2023">van Tricht et al., (2023)</a>, however only single year (2021) has been mapped at 10-m resolution within the <a href="../doi/10.5281/zenodo.7875104">WorldCereal project</a>.</p> <p>The temporal interpolation was implemented using terra package ii.e. using the following fuction:</p> <pre><code>library(terra) y.l = c(2003, 2007, 2011, 2015, 2019) out.years = 2000:2022 i = parallel::mclapply(y.l, function(x){system(paste0('gdal_translate Global_cropland_', x, '.vrt Global_cropland_', x, '.tif -co TILED=YES -co BIGTIFF=YES -co COMPRESS=DEFLATE -co ZLEVEL=9 -co BLOCKXSIZE=1024 -co BLOCKYSIZE=1024 -co NUM_THREADS=8 -co SPARSE_OK=TRUE -a_nodata 255 -scale 0 1 0 100 -ot Byte'))}, mc.cores = length(y.l)) ## land mask at 1 deg (100x100km) ---- x = parallel::mclapply(y.l, function(x){system(paste0("gdal_translate Global_cropland_", x, ".tif Global_cropland_", x, "_1d.tif -tr 1 1 -r average -co BIGTIFF=YES -ot Byte -co NUM_THREADS=10"))}, mc.cores = length(y.l)) ## 2 hrs g1 = terra::rast(paste0("Global_cropland_", y.l, "_1d.tif")) gs = sum(g1, na.rm=TRUE) plot(gs) gs.p <- as.polygons(gs, values = TRUE, extent=FALSE, dissolve=FALSE, na.rm=TRUE) ## Input layers: r = terra::rast(paste0("Global_cropland_", y.l, ".tif")) int.mc = function(r, tile, y.l, out.years=2000:2022){ bb = paste(as.vector(ext(tile)), collapse = ".") if(any(!file.exists(paste0("./tmp/", out.years, "/Global_cropland_", out.years, "_", bb, ".tif")))){ r.t = terra::crop(r, ext(tile)) ## each tile is 16M pixels r.x = as.data.frame(r.t, xy=TRUE, na.rm=FALSE) rs = rowSums(r.x[,-c(1:2)], na.rm=TRUE) ## if sum is == 0 means no cropland throughout the time-series sel = which(rs>0) ## extract complete values: r.x0 = r.x[sel,-c(1:2)] r.x0[is.na(r.x0)] = 0 ## interpolate between values: t1s = as.data.frame(t(apply(r.x0, 1, function(y){ try( approx(y.l, as.vector(y), xout=out.years, rule=2)$y ) }))) ## write to GeoTIFFs t1s$x <- r.x$x[sel]; t1s$y <- r.x$y[sel] ## convert to RasterLayer: r.x = rast(t1s[,c("x","y",paste0("V", 1:length(out.years)))], type="xyz", crs="+proj=longlat +datum=WGS84 +no_defs") for(j in 1:length(out.years)){ writeRaster(r.x[[j]], filename=paste0("./tmp/", out.years[j], "/Global_cropland_", out.years[j], "_", bb, ".tif"), gdal=c("COMPRESS=DEFLATE"), datatype='INT1U', NAflag=0, overwrite=FALSE) } } } ## test it: #int.mc(r, tile=gs.p[1000], y.l) ## run in parallel ---- ## takes 12 hrs... 1TB RAM i = parallel::mclapply(sample(1:length(gs.p)), function(x){try( int.mc(r, tile=gs.p[x], y.l) )}, mc.cores = 70) </code></pre>
Daily time series of spatially enhanced relative humidity for Europe at 1000 m resolution (Set 1: 2000 - 2004) derived from ERA5-Land data
<p>Overview:<br> ERA5-Land is a reanalysis dataset providing a consistent view of the evolution of land variables over several decades at an enhanced resolution compared to ERA5. ERA5-Land has been produced by replaying the land component of the ECMWF ERA5 climate reanalysis. Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics. Reanalysis produces data that goes several decades back in time, providing an accurate description of the climate of the past.</p> <p>Processing steps:<br> The original hourly ERA5-Land air temperature 2 m above ground and dewpoint temperature 2 m data has been spatially enhanced from 0.1 degree to 30 arc seconds (approx. 1000 m) spatial resolution by image fusion with CHELSA data (V1.2) (<a href="https://chelsa-climate.org/">https://chelsa-climate.org/</a>). For each day we used the corresponding monthly long-term average of CHELSA. The aim was to use the fine spatial detail of CHELSA and at the same time preserve the general regional pattern and fine temporal detail of ERA5-Land. The steps included aggregation and enhancement, specifically:<br> 1. spatially aggregate CHELSA to the resolution of ERA5-Land<br> 2. calculate difference of ERA5-Land - aggregated CHELSA<br> 3. interpolate differences with a Gaussian filter to 30 arc seconds<br> 4. add the interpolated differences to CHELSA</p> <p>Subsequently, the temperature time series have been aggregated on a daily basis. From these, daily relative humidity has been calculated for the time period 01/2000 - 07/2021.</p> <p>Relative humidity (rh2m) has been calculated from air temperature 2 m above ground (Ta) and dewpoint temperature 2 m above ground (Td) using the formula for saturated water pressure from Wright (1997):</p> <p><code>maximum water pressure = 611.21 * exp(17.502 * Ta / (240.97 + Ta))</code></p> <p><code>actual water pressure = 611.21 * exp(17.502 * Td / (240.97 + Td))</code></p> <p><code>relative humidity = actual water pressure / maximum water pressure</code></p> <p>Data provided is the daily averages of relative humidity. This set provides data for the years 2000 - 2004. For other time periods, please see further linked data sets.</p> <p>Resultant values have been converted to represent percent * 10, thus covering a theoretical range of [0, 1000].</p> <p>The data have been reprojected to EU LAEA.</p> <p>File naming scheme (YYYY = year; MM = month; DD = day):<br> <code>ERA5_land_rh2m_avg_daily_YYYYMMDD.tif</code></p> <p>Projection + EPSG code:<br> EU LAEA (EPSG: 3035)</p> <p>Spatial extent:<br> north: 6874000<br> south: -485000<br> west: 869000<br> east: 8712000</p> <p>Spatial resolution:<br> 1000 m</p> <p>Temporal resolution:<br> Daily</p> <p>Pixel values:<br> Percent * 10 (scaled to Integer; example: value 738 = 73.8 %)</p> <p>Software used:<br> GDAL 3.2.2 and GRASS GIS 8.0.0</p> <p>Original ERA5-Land dataset license:<br> <a href="https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/licences/copernicus/">https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/licences/copernicus/</a></p> <p>CHELSA climatologies (V1.2):<br> Data used: Karger D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E, Linder, H.P., Kessler, M. (2018): Data from: Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Dryad digital repository. <a href="http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.5061/dryad.kd1d4">http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.5061/dryad.kd1d4</a><br> Original peer-reviewed publication: Karger, D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E., Linder, P., Kessler, M. (2017): Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas. Scientific Data. 4 170122. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122">https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122</a></p> <p>Processed by:<br> mundialis GmbH & Co. KG, Germany (<a href="https://www.mundialis.de/">https://www.mundialis.de/</a>)</p> <p>Reference: Wright, J.M. (1997): Federal meteorological handbook no. 3 (FCM-H3-1997). Office of Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research. Washington, DC</p> <p>Data is also available in Latitude-Longitude/WGS84 (EPSG: 4326) projection: <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6342776">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6342776</a></p>
Supplementary file 1 from: Moliner Cachazo L, Makati K, Chadwick MA, Catford JA, Price BW, Mackay AW, Guiry MD, Murray-Hudson M, Murray-Hudson F (2023) A review of the freshwater diversity in the Okavango Delta and Lake Ngami (Botswana): taxonomic composition, ecology, comparison with similar systems and conservation status. Aquatic Sciences
<p>Dataset with 2,204 freshwater species from the Okavango Delta and Lake Ngami (Botswana), with additional 355 species found in other areas of Botswana that are likely to be present in the study region. The dataset covers the following groups: amphibians, birds, fishes, macroinvertebrates, macrophytes, mammals, reptiles, phytoplankton, and zooplankton. The following information is given for each species: status in the Okavango Delta and Lake Ngami (present/potentially present); conservation status globally, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species name, cited synonyms, common name, habitat, presence in high water, presence in low water, ecology, distribution in continental Africa, confirmed locations in the Okavango Delta, site coordinates, references, notes.</p>
Abb. 1-5 in Nachweise von Charpentieria itala (M , 1824) in Salzburg (Gastropoda, Clausiliidae)
Abb. 1-5: Charpentieria itala (1) lebend am Petersfriedhof; (2) Fundort bei Steinmetz Mayer; (3) Fundort alte Mauer am Petersfriedhof; (4) Schale vom Kommunalfriedhof; (5) Schale vom Petersfriedhof, Massstab jeweils 5 mm.
Fig. 1. Begonia yapenensis M in Begonia yapenensis (sect. Symbegonia, Begoniaceae), a new species from Papua, Indonesia
Fig. 1. Begonia yapenensis M.Hughes sp. nov., cultivated specimen at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, accession 20090830. A. Whole plant showing spreading habit (scale bar = 5 cm). B. Female flower and ovary (left, corolla dissected; right, corolla entire) (scale bar = 1 cm). C. Cross section of ovary showing three locules with bilamellate placentae (scale bar = 1 cm). D. Stigmas (scale bar = 5 mm). E. Male flower (bottom, corolla dissected; upper, corolla entire; scale bar = 10 cm).
Fig. 1 in Integrative description of Macrobiotus canaricus sp. nov. with notes on M. recens (Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae)
Fig. 1. Macrobiotus canaricus sp. nov., holotype, habitus. A. Dorso-ventral projection (Hoyer's medium, PCM). B. Dorsal view under SEM. Scale bars in μm.
Fig. 1 in Genetic and morphological evidence for cryptic species in Macrobrachium australe and resurrection of M. ustulatum (Crustacea, Palaemonidae)
Fig. 1. Map of the Indo-Pacific showing localities where Macrobrachium australe (Guérin-Méneville, 1838 in Guérin-Méneville 1829–1838) (black area) and M. ustulatum (Nobili, 1899) (red area) were collected and/or recorded. Capitalized locality names correspond to the 7 localities sampled for this study. Non-capitalized locality names correspond to the localities reported from the literature. Stars shows the type localities of the synonyms of M. australe (black stars) and M. ustulatum (red star).
Fig. 1 in Cranial phenotypic variation in Meriones crassus and M. libycus (Rodentia, Gerbillinae), and a morphological divergence in M. crassus from the Iranian Plateau and Mesopotamia (Western Zagros Mountains)
Fig. 1. Map showing the sampling localities of Meriones crassus Sundevall, 1842 (circles) and M. libycus Lichtenstein, 1823 (squares) and groups of sampling localities indicated by ellipses (see more detail about the grouping in Material and Methods). The dark closed symbols are the sampling localities of the type specimens (synonyms of Meriones crassus and M. libycus, see Table 1). The ellipses (from left to right) show the following groups: African, Jeddah, Arabian, Western Zagros and Iranian Plateau.
Figs 1–5 in Morphology of two Mastogloia species (Bacillariophyta) from Lac de Guiers (Senegal) and comparison with the type material of M. braunii
Figs 1–5. Mastogloia braunii Grunow. Light micrographs (LM) of valves from the type population (Grunow 23583 – capsule 0645, Vienna, Austria). 1–3. LM views of 3 valves showing variation in valve size and shape. The arrows in Fig. 2 indicate shortened striae near the central area. 3–4. Same valve taken at different foci. 4–5. LM views of the partectal ring with the partecta. Scale bar: 10 μm.
Fig. 1. — A–M. Orphnus giganteus Paulian, 1948. A–B. Habitus. C–D in Revision of the subgenus Orphnus (Phornus) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Orphninae)
Fig. 1. — A–M. Orphnus giganteus Paulian, 1948. A–B. Habitus. C–D. Head in dorsal and apical view. E–G. Antennae. H. Aedeagus in lateral view. I. Parameres in dorsal view. J. Abdomen in dorsal view. K–L. Stridulatory field. M. Habitus. — N. O. renaudi sp. nov., holotype, habitus. — O. O. ferrierei sp. nov., holotype, habitus. — P. O. valeriae sp. nov., holotype, habitus. — Q. O. parastrangulatus sp. nov., holotype, habitus. — R. O. strangulatus Paulian, 1948, habitus. M–R = not to scale.
Figure 1 in Morphological and molecular separation between Macrocamptoptera grangeri Soyka and M. metotarsa (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)
Figure 1. Macrocamptoptera grangeri, female: (a) habitus (holotype of Herulia sundholmi); (b) labels (same as (a)); (c) antenna (Banská Štiavnica, Banská Bystrica Region, Slovakia).
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.