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FIGURE 4 in Amphibians and Reptiles of the Madrean Archipelago of Arizona and New Mexico

FIGURE 4. Regression analysis of the Simpson coefficient of similarity (S) on geographic distance (km) for pairwise comparisons of mountain ranges and herpetofaunas within the three phenetic groups (black diamonds and line: S = 0.768 - 0.00020 km) and between the groups (gray squares and line: S = 0.707 - 0.00057 km).

FIGURE 2 in Amphibians and Reptiles of the Madrean Archipelago of Arizona and New Mexico

FIGURE 2. Phenograms of the 20 mountain ranges based on UPGMA clustering of the Simpson coefficient of similarity (S) among the herpetofaunas, using A. all 83 species recorded from Madrean evergreen woodland, petran montane conifer forest, and interior chaparral (appendix 1); B. 57 species, with 26 species eliminated as occurring primarily in desert and grassland; C. 28 species that were considered to occur primarily in Madrean evergreen woodland and higher elevations.

FIGURE 1 in Amphibians and Reptiles of the Madrean Archipelago of Arizona and New Mexico

FIGURE 1. Map of the Madrean Archipelago in southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico with the 23 ranges for which herpetofaunal lists were constructed.

FIGURE 3 in Amphibians and Reptiles of the Madrean Archipelago of Arizona and New Mexico

FIGURE 3. Map of mountain ranges of the Madrean Archipelago with lines delineating the three phenetic groups recognized from UPGMA clustering using the Simpson coefficient of similarity (S) among the herpetofaunas.

FIGURES 16–21 in A new species of Aphonopelma (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae) from the Madrean pine-oak woodlands of northeastern Sonora, Mexico

FIGURES 16–21. Morphology of Aphonopelma bacadehuachi, sp. nov. from Sonora, Mexico (female paratype, APH-1356). 16, carapace, dorsal view; 17, right pedipalp, prolateral view; 18, coxa of right leg I, prolateral view; 19, spermathecae; 20, metatarsus and tarsus of left leg III, ventral view; 21, metatarsus and tarsus of left leg IV, ventral view. Scale bar = 5 mm (except for spermathecae, scale bar = 2 mm).

FIGURE 22 in A new species of Aphonopelma (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae) from the Madrean pine-oak woodlands of northeastern Sonora, Mexico

FIGURE 22. Map of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico showing the distributions of the Madrean members of the Marxi species group and Aphonopelma mooreae. The localities for A. mooreae are based on reports provided in iNaturalist (https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?taxon_id=264079, accessed 16 March 2019). The distribution for A. peloncillo only reflects specimens from the eastern foothills of the Peloncillo Mountains and the Animas Valley in New Mexico and does not include several specimens outside of this area as reported in Hamilton et al. (2016); further research is necessary to confirm the identity of the latter specimens. State abbreviations: AZ = Arizona, NM = New Mexico, SON = Sonora, CHI = Chihuahua. The Madrean pine-oak woodlands shapefile was "exploded" from a larger shapefile depicting the planet's biodiversity hotspots (downloaded from http://legacy.cepf.net/SiteAssets/hotspots_2016_1.zip, accessed 16 March 2019).

FIGURE 3–4 in A new species of Aphonopelma (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae) from the Madrean pine-oak woodlands of northeastern Sonora, Mexico

FIGURE 3–4. Dorsal habitus of Aphonopelma bacadehuachi, sp. nov. from Sonora, Mexico. 3, male holotype (APH-1357); 4, female paratype (APH-1356). Scale bar = 20 mm.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Aphonopelma (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae) from the Madrean pine-oak woodlands of northeastern Sonora, Mexico

FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood phylogeny of the Madrean members of the Marxi species group based on COX1 mtDNA. For presentation sake, specimen labels have been removed from the tree tips. Numbers along branches indicate maximum likelihood bootstrap support values. Photograph is an adult male Aphonopelma madera from the Huachuca Mountains in southeastern Arizona.

FIGURES 5–15 in A new species of Aphonopelma (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae) from the Madrean pine-oak woodlands of northeastern Sonora, Mexico

FIGURES 5–15. Morphology of Aphonopelma bacadehuachi, sp. nov. from Sonora, Mexico (male holotype, APH-1357). 5, carapace, dorsal view; 6, patella and tibia of left leg I, prolateral view; 7, tibial apophysis of left leg I, prolateral view; 8, metatarsus and tarsus of left leg III, ventral view; 9, metatarsus and tarsus of left leg IV, ventral view; 10, left pedipalp, retrolateral view; 11, left pedipalp, prolateral view; 12, femur of leg III, dorsal view; 13, palpal bulb, prolateral view; 14, palpal bulb, retrolateral view; 15, palpal bulb, dorsal view. Scale bar = 5 mm (except for palpal bulb and illustration of tibial apophysis, scale bar = 2 mm).

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Aphonopelma (Araneae: Mygalomorphae: Theraphosidae) from the Madrean pine-oak woodlands of northeastern Sonora, Mexico

FIGURE 1. Scatterplot of principal components for measurements of mature male (top) and female (bottom) Madrean Aphonopelma species. Percentage values indicate the proportion of variation explained by a particular principal component (PC1 and PC2).

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Data from: Isolation by environment in white-breasted nuthatches (Sitta carolinensis) of the Madrean Archipelago sky islands: a landscape genomics approach

Understanding landscape processes driving patterns of population genetic differentiation and diversity has been a long-standing focus of ecology and evolutionary biology. Gene flow may be reduced by historical, ecological or geographic factors, resulting in patterns of isolation by distance (IBD) or isolation by environment (IBE). Although IBE has been found in many natural systems, most studies investigating patterns of IBD and IBE in nature have used anonymous neutral genetic markers, precluding inference of selection mechanisms or identification of genes potentially under selection. Using landscape genomics, the simultaneous study of genomic and ecological landscapes, we investigated the processes driving population genetic patterns of White-breasted Nuthatches (Sitta carolinensis) in sky islands (montane forest habitat islands) of the Madrean Archipelago. Using more than 4000 single nucleotide polymorphisms and multiple tests to investigate the relationship between genetic differentiation and geographic or ecological distance, we identified IBE, and a lack of IBD, among sky island populations of S. carolinensis. Using three tests to identify selection, we found 79 loci putatively under selection; of these, seven matched CDS regions in the Zebra Finch. The loci under selection were highly associated with climate extremes (maximum temperature of warmest month and minimum precipitation of driest month). These results provide evidence for IBE – disentangled from IBD – in sky island vertebrates and identify potential adaptive genetic variation.

Figure 5 from: Swanteson-Franz RJ, Marquez DA, Goldstein CI, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Bolek MG, Hanelt B (2018) New hairworm (Nematomorpha, Gordiida) species described from the Arizona Madrean Sky Islands. ZooKeys 733: 131-145. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.733.22798

Figure 5 Egg, larva and cyst characteristics of Paragordius amicus sp. n. A DIC photomicrograph of an egg with a fully developed larva. Note the stylets (arrow) B DIC photomicrograph of a live larva. Note the pseudointestine composed of two anterior granules (gr) and posterior mass (pm) C SEM photomicrograph of larva. Note the distinct preseptum (pre) with relatively long outer hooks, and postseptum (pos) with posterior spines D SEM photomicrograph of the anterior end larva. Note the partially everted proboscis (p) with distinct spines on the left and right lateral sides (white arrows), and the outer row of hooks containing two ventral outer hooks (voh) E SEM photomicrograph of larva. Note two posterior spines (ps) on the dorsal side of the postseptum (pos) F DIC photomicrograph of cyst (dorso-ventral view). Note the clear cyst wall (white arrow), distinct spines on the preseptum (black arrows), and the position of the posterior end of the postseptum (white arrow).

Figure 1 from: Swanteson-Franz RJ, Marquez DA, Goldstein CI, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Bolek MG, Hanelt B (2018) New hairworm (Nematomorpha, Gordiida) species described from the Arizona Madrean Sky Islands. ZooKeys 733: 131-145. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.733.22798

Figure 1 Paragordius amicus sp. n. adult male from the Huachuca Mountains. A Midbody cuticle showing lack of obvious surface structure; some superficial structure is seen (arrows) B Bifurcating posterior end exhibiting the characteristic male bifurcating lobes with small, circular pointed lobes extending from the base of the bifurcation up the interior side of the lobes. These mounds are also found on either side as well as below the cloacal opening, eventually merging into the border of the ventral smooth cuticle line. C Cloacal opening, oblong with a straight slit opening extending the length of the opening surrounded by spines.

Figure 4 from: Swanteson-Franz RJ, Marquez DA, Goldstein CI, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Bolek MG, Hanelt B (2018) New hairworm (Nematomorpha, Gordiida) species described from the Arizona Madrean Sky Islands. ZooKeys 733: 131-145. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.733.22798

Figure 4 Paragordius amicus sp. n. adult female from the Santa Rita Mountains A Trifurcating posterior B–D Midbody cuticle surface of with transverse striations containing round to slightly oblong indentations B–C Areas with only hollow indentations D Area of cuticle with more oblong indentations housing structures.

Figure 3 from: Swanteson-Franz RJ, Marquez DA, Goldstein CI, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Bolek MG, Hanelt B (2018) New hairworm (Nematomorpha, Gordiida) species described from the Arizona Madrean Sky Islands. ZooKeys 733: 131-145. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.733.22798

Figure 3 Paragordius amicus sp. n. adult female from the Huachuca Mountains A Trifurcating posterior. B High magnification view of the oblong mounds and long, thin hair extensions found on the interior surface of the trifurcating lobes C Midbody cuticle lacking obvious surface structure.

Figure 2 from: Swanteson-Franz RJ, Marquez DA, Goldstein CI, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Bolek MG, Hanelt B (2018) New hairworm (Nematomorpha, Gordiida) species described from the Arizona Madrean Sky Islands. ZooKeys 733: 131-145. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.733.22798

Figure 2 Paragordius amicus sp. n. adult female from the Santa Rita Mountains A–B Midbody cuticle exhibiting transverse striations made of ridges separated by furrows A In some areas with hollow round to oblong indentations B In other areas with more oblong indentations containing structures C Trifurcating posterior. Note the cuticle features that can be seen on the interior surface of the lobes D Increased magnification of the lobes showing the oblong mounds (arrows). Note the long and thin hairs extending from some of the furrows between the mounds.

Figure 6 from: Swanteson-Franz RJ, Marquez DA, Goldstein CI, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Bolek MG, Hanelt B (2018) New hairworm (Nematomorpha, Gordiida) species described from the Arizona Madrean Sky Islands. ZooKeys 733: 131-145. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.733.22798

Figure 6 . Relationships inferred by maximum likelihood. Tree is unrooted, and drawn to scale indicating number of substitutions per site. Bootstrap values above 0.90 are shown.