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37 results for “Manduca”
De novo genome assembly of the Tobacco Hornworm moth (Manduca sexta)
<p><strong>We present the new reference genome for M sexta, JHU_Msex_v1.0, applying a combination of modern technologies in a de novo assembly to increase continuity, accuracy, and completeness. The assembly is 470 Mb and is ~25x more continuous than the original assembly, with scaffold N50 >14 Mb. We annotated the assembly by lifting over existing annotations and supplementing with additional supporting RNA-based data for a total of 25,256 genes. The new reference assembly is accessible in annotated form for public use.</strong></p>
Indirect actuation reduces flight power requirements in Manduca sexta via elastic energy exchange
<p>In many insects, wing movements are generated indirectly via exoskeletal deformations. Measurements of inertial and aerodynamic power suggest that elastic recovery of energy between wingstrokes might reduce power requirements of flight. We tested three questions. 1) Can the thorax itself provide significant energy return? 2) Does a simple damped elastic model describe the bulk mechanical behavior? and 3) Are different regions of the thorax specialized for elastic energy exchange? We measured deformation mechanics of the hawkmoth <em>Manduca sexta</em> thorax by recording the force required to sinusoidally deform the thorax over a wide frequency range. Elastic energy storage in the thorax is sufficient to minimize power requirements. However, we find that a structural (frequency-independent) damping model, not a viscoelastic model, best describes the thorax's mechanical properties. We next performed complementary experiments on a structurally damped homogeneous hemisphere. In contrast to the hemispherical shell, we find that mechanical coupling between different regions of the thorax improves energy exchange performance, and that local mechanical properties depend on global strain patterns. Specifically, the scutum region provides energy recovery with low dissipation, while the majority of energy loss occurred in the wing hinge region, highlighting the specificity of thorax regions for flight energetics. </p>
Learning to feed in the dark: how light levels influences feeding in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta
<p>Nocturnal insects like moths are essential for pollination, providing resilience to the diurnal pollination networks. Moths use both vision and mechanosensation to locate the nectary opening in the flowers with their proboscis. However, increased light levels due to artificial light at night (ALAN) pose a serious threat to nocturnal insects. Here we examined how light levels influence the efficacy by which the crepuscular hawkmoth Manduca sexta locates the nectary. We used 3D printed artificial flowers fitted with motion sensors in the nectary and machine vision to track the motion of hovering moths under two light levels: 0.1 lux (moonlight) and 50 lux (dawn/dusk). We found that moths in higher light conditions took significantly longer to find the nectary, even with repeated visits to the same flower. In addition to taking longer, moths in higher light conditions hovered further from the flower during feeding. Increased light levels adversely affect learning and motor control in these animals.</p>
RNA sequencing data for polyphenic and monophenic Manduca sexta strains
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Indirect actuation reduces flight power requirements in Manduca sexta via elastic energy exchange
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Interactive effects of previous and current thermal conditions on gene expression in Manduca sexta
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Data from: Within- and across-generational effects of temperature: Exposure of Manduca sexta larvae to heat stress impacts future reproduction and offspring development
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Learning to feed in the dark: how light levels influences feeding in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta
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Data from: Evolution of Manduca sexta hornworms and relatives: biogeographical analysis reveals an ancestral diversification in Central America
The hawkmoth genus Manduca is a diverse group of very large, conspicuous moths that has served as an important model across many biological disciplines. Two species in particular, the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) and the tomato hornworm (Manduca quinquemaculatus) have been researched extensively. Studies across biological fields have referred to these two species as being closely related or even sister species, but the extent to which these two model organisms are related remains largely unknown. We conducted a comprehensive multi-gene phylogenetic analysis of Manduca, based on both an ML and Bayesian framework, which resulted in a monophyletic Manduca but only when two other genera, Dolba and Euryglottis are included. We tentatively conclude that the sister group to Manduca sexta comprises the Caribbean M. afflicta and M. johanni, and the sister lineage to this clade includes M. quinquemaculatus and the Hawaiian M. blackburni. Thus, M. sexta and M. quinquemaculatus are closely related, but are not sister species. Biogeographical analyses reveal an ancestral center of diversification in Central America, and Manduca appears to have subsequently colonized North and South America. Our phylogeny provides an important foundation for comparative studies of two model organisms and their relatives.
Manduca sexta experience high parasitoid pressures in the field but minor fitness costs of consuming plant secondary compounds
<p>Plant-herbivore co-evolutionary interactions have led to a range of plant defenses that minimize insect damage and a suite of counter-adaptations that allow herbivores to feed on defended plants. Consuming plant secondary compounds results in herbivore growth and developmental costs but can have beneficial effects such as deterrence or harm of parasitoid enemies. Therefore, the role of secondary compounds on herbivore fitness must be considered in the context of the abundance and level of harm from natural enemies and the costs herbivores incur feeding on plant secondary compounds.</p> <ol> <li>In this study, I combined field measurements of <em>Cotesia congregata</em> wasp parasitism pressure with detailed measurements of the costs of plant secondary compounds across developmental stages in the herbivore host, <em>Manduca sexta</em>.</li> <li>I show that <em>C. congregata</em> parasitoids exert large negative selective pressures, killing 31-57% of <em>M. sexta</em> larvae in the field. <em>Manduca sexta </em>developed fastest during instars most at risk for parasitoid oviposition but growth was slowed by consumption of plant secondary compounds. The negative effects of consuming plant secondary compounds as larvae influenced adult size traits but there were no immune, survival, or fecundity costs.</li> <li>These results suggest that developmental costs experienced by <em>M. sexta</em> herbivores consuming defensive compounds are minor in comparison to the strong negative survival pressures from abundant parasitoid enemies.</li> </ol>
Fig. 6 in From Spinning Silk to Spreading Saliva: Mouthpart Remodeling in Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)
Fig. 6. Labio-hypopharyngeal lobe (lb) of the first instar of MaNdUCa SexTa (medial views of longitudinal cross sections). The spigot (sp) of the first instar is elongate and cone shaped and is connected to the salivarium (spr) via arthrodial membrane (dm = dorsal premento-salivarial muscle, lb = labio-hypopharyngeal lobe, lbr = labrum, lsg = labial gland, md = mandible, pm = prementum, pma = premental arm, spr = salivarium (=silk press), t-pm = tentorio-premental muscle, te-ci = tentorio-cibarial muscle, vm = ventral premento-salivarial muscle).
Fig. 5 in From Spinning Silk to Spreading Saliva: Mouthpart Remodeling in Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)
Fig. 5. Labio-hypopharyngeal lobe of the third instar of MaNdUCa SexTa. The salivarium (=silk press, spr) and its muscles (vm, dm) of second and later instars are similar to those of the first instar, indicating that the structure plays a similar role (closing and opening of the salivary orifice) in the saliva-producing instars and the silk-producing first instar. Starting with the second instar, the distal margin of the spinneret is equipped with hollow cuticular evaginations (arrowheads in C) that form a fringe.This brush-like structure might be involved in saliva spreading (dm = dorsal premento-salivarial muscle, pma = premental arm, spr = salivarium (=silk press), vm = ventral premento-salivarial muscle).
Fig. 4 in From Spinning Silk to Spreading Saliva: Mouthpart Remodeling in Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)
Fig. 4. Labio-hypopharyngeal lobe of first (A–E) and second (F, G) instars of MaNdUCa SexTa.The spigot (sp) is more than four times as long as wide and clearly protrudes from the convex, sculptureless distal margin of the spinneret in the first instar (A,B) whereas it is almost as wide as long and obscured by the fringed distal margin of the spinneret in later instars (F, G).Two intrinsic (dm, vm) and one extrinsic (t-pm) muscles of the labio-hypopharyngeal lobe have been observed in all instars with similar configuration and relative size. (A) First instar, ventral view. (B) First instar, dorsal view. (C–E) first instar, ventral view. (F) Second instar, ventral view. (G) Second instar, dorsal view (Unlabeled arrowheads in A, F point to campaniform sensilla; arrowheads in C point to the two bands composing dm) (aca = acanthae, con = concavities on posterior premental margin,dm = dorsal premento-salivarial muscle, gal = galea,lp = labial palp,mp = maxillary palp, pgr = palpiger, pm = prementum,pms = premental stipular setae, sis = proximal sclerite of the spinneret, sp = spigot, t-pm = tentorio-premental muscle, vm = ventral premento-salivarial muscle).
Fig. 3 in From Spinning Silk to Spreading Saliva: Mouthpart Remodeling in Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)
Fig. 3. The Lyonet's and labial glands in second (A, C, E) and third (B, D, F) instar larvae of MaNdUCa SexTa. The Lyonet's gland (Lg) is larger in the second instar than in the third instar.The chitinized branch (br) of the labial gland (lsg) is apparently closed.The diameter of the epithelial cell cluster composing the Lyonet's gland is less than half the size of the main branch of the labial gland.
Fig. 1 in From Spinning Silk to Spreading Saliva: Mouthpart Remodeling in Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)
Fig. 1. Labio-hypopharyngeal lobe of first (A, B) and third (C, D) instar larvae of MaNdUCa SexTa. The labio-hypopharyngeal lobe (lb) forms the ventral wall of the oral foramen (of) and is adjacent to the maxillae (mx) laterally.The spinneret (spin) is the apicomedian portion of the lobe medial to labial palpi (lp) and the sclerotized spigot (sp) is the distalmost part of the common duct of the labial glands bearing the salivary orifice (so).The spinneret is smooth and the spigot protrudes from the apicomedian margin of the spinneret in the first instar (A, B) while the spinneret is equipped with a fringe of hollow, spinelike evaginations (fr) and the spigot does not protrude from the spinneret in later (C, D) instars (a = antenna, cm = mandibular adductor muscle, e = eye, gal = galea, lbr = labrum, lp = labial palp, md = mandible, mp = maxillary palp).
Fig. 2 in From Spinning Silk to Spreading Saliva: Mouthpart Remodeling in Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)
Fig. 2. The labio-hypopharyngeal lobe (A, dorsal view) and the labial gland (B–D) in the first instar larva of MaNdUCa SexTa. The Lyonet's gland (Lg), is composed of 10–12 epithelial cells surrounding the proximal branch (br) off the main lumen of the labial gland (lsg). The cells of the Lyonet's gland possess enlarged nuclei (n) and are filled with secretory vesicles (v). A, B volume-rendered CLSM micrographs, C CLSM micrographs, D brightfield micrograph (lp = labial palp, sp = spigot, spin = spinneret).
Transcriptomics Reveal Specific Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Transgenerational Immunity in Manduca sexta
<p class="FirstParagraph">The traditional view of innate immunity in insects is that every exposure to a pathogen triggers an identical and appropriate immune response, and that prior exposures to pathogens do not confer any protective (i.e. adaptive) effect against subsequent exposure to the same pathogen. This view has been challenged by experiments demonstrating that encounters with sub-lethal doses of a pathogen can prime the insect's immune system and thus, have protective effects against future lethal doses. Immune priming has been reported across several insect species, including the red flour beetle, the honeycomb moth, the bumblebee, and the European honeybee, among others. Immune priming can also be trans-generational where the parent's pathogenic history influences the immune response of its offspring. Phenotypic evidence of transgenerational immune priming (TGIP) exists in the tobacco moth <i>Manduca sexta</i> where first instar progeny of mothers injected with the bacterium <i>Serratia marcescens</i> exhibited a significant increase of <i>in-vivo</i> bacterial clearance. To identify the gene expression changes underlying TGIP in <i>Manduca sexta</i>, we performed transcriptome-wide, trans-generational differential gene expression analysis on mothers and their offspring after mothers were exposed to <i>S. marcescens</i>. We are the first to perform transcriptome-wide analysis of the gene expression changes associated with TGIP in this ecologically relevant model organism. We show that maternal exposure to both heat-killed and live <i>S. marcescens</i> has strong and significant trans-generational impacts on gene expression patterns in their offspring, including up-regulation of peptidoglycan recognition protein, toll-like receptor 9, and the antimicrobial peptide cecropin.</p>
Growth, stress and acclimation responses to fluctuating temperatures in field and domesticated populations of Manduca sexta
<p>Diurnal fluctuations in temperature are ubiquitous in terrestrial environments, and insects and other ectotherms have evolved to tolerate or acclimate to such fluctuations. Few studies have examined whether ectotherms acclimate to diurnal temperature fluctuations, or how natural and domesticated populations differ in their responses to diurnal fluctuations. We examine how diurnally fluctuating temperatures during development affect growth, acclimation and stress responses for two populations of Manduca sexta: a field population that typically experiences wide variation in mean and fluctuations in temperature, and a laboratory population that has been domesticated in nearly constant temperatures for more than 300 generations. Laboratory experiments showed that diurnal fluctuations throughout larval development reduced pupal mass for the lab but not the field population. The differing effects of diurnal fluctuations were greatest at higher mean temperature (30 °C): here diurnal fluctuations reduced pupal mass and increased pupal development time for the lab population, but had little effect for the field population. We also evaluated how mean and fluctuations in temperature during early larval development affected growth rate during the final larval instar as a function of test temperature. At an intermediate (25 °C) mean temperature, both the lab and field population showed a positive acclimation response to diurnal fluctuations, in which subsequent growth rate was significantly higher at most test temperatures. In contrast at higher mean temperature (30 °C), diurnal fluctuations significantly reduced subsequent growth rate at most test temperatures for the lab population, but not for the field population. These results suggest that during domestication in constant temperatures, the lab population has lost the capacity to tolerate or acclimate to high and fluctuating temperatures. Population differences in acclimation capacity in response to temperature fluctuations has not been previously demonstrated, but they may be important for understanding the evolution of reaction norms and performance curves. </p>
Growth, stress and acclimation responses to fluctuating temperatures in field and domesticated populations of Manduca sexta
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Responses of Manduca sexta larvae to heat waves
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