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83 results for “Markov Model”
Assessment of mutation probabilities of KRAS G12 missense mutants and their long-time scale dynamics by atomistic molecular simulations and Markov state modeling: Datasets.
<p>Datasets related to the publication [1].<br> Including:</p> <ul> <li>KRAS G12X mutations derived from COSMIC v.79 [http://cancer.sanger.ac.uk/cosmic/] (KRAS_G12X_mut_COSMICv79..xlsx)</li> <li>RMSFs (300-2000ns) of GDP-systems (300_2000rmsf_GDP_systems_RAW_AVG_SE.xlsx)</li> <li>RMSFs (300-2000ns) of GTP-systems (300_2000RMSF_GTP_systems_RAW_AVG_SE.xlsx)</li> <li>PyInteraph analysis data for salt-bridges and hydrophobic clusters (.dat files for each system in the PyInteraph_data.zip-file)</li> <li>Backbone trajectories for each system (residues 4-164; frames for every 1ns). Last number (e.g. _1) refers to the replica of the simulated system.</li> <li>backbone_4-164.gro/.pdb/.tpr -files (resid 4-164) </li> </ul> <p><br> [1] Pantsar T et al. Assessment of mutation probabilities of KRAS G12 missense mutants and their long-time scale dynamics by atomistic molecular simulations and Markov state modeling. <em>PLoS Comput Biol Submitted</em> (2018)</p>
Accompanying simulated data for "Go multivariate: a Monte Carlo study of a multilevel hidden Markov model with categorical data of varying complexity"
<p>The multilevel hidden Markov model (MHMM) is a promising vehicle to investigate latent dynamics over time in social and behavioral processes. By including continuous individual random effects, the model accommodates variability between individuals, providing individual-specific trajectories and facilitating the study of individual differences. However, the performance of the MHMM has not been sufficiently explored. Currently, there are no practical guidelines on the sample size needed to obtain reliable estimates related to categorical data characteristics We performed an extensive simulation to assess the effect of the number of dependent variables (1-4), the number of individuals (5-90), and the number of observations per individual (100-1600) on the estimation performance of group-level parameters and between-individual variability on a Bayesian MHMM with categorical data of various levels of complexity. We found that using multivariate data generally alleviates the sample size needed and improves the stability of the results. Regarding the estimation of group-level parameters, the number of individuals and observations largely compensate for each other. Meanwhile, only the former drives the estimation of between-individual variability. We conclude with guidelines on the sample size necessary based on the complexity of the data and the study objectives of the practitioners.</p> <p>This repository contains data generated for the manuscript: "Go multivariate: a Monte Carlo study of a multilevel hidden Markov model with categorical data of varying complexity". It comprehends: (1) model outputs (maximum a posteriori estimates) for each repetition (n=100) of each scenario (n=324) of the main simulation, (2) complete model outputs (including estimates for 4000 MCMC iterations) for two chains of each repetition (n=3) of each scenario (n=324). Please note that the empirical data used in the manuscript is not available as part of this repository. A subsample of the data used in the empirical example are openly available as an example data set in the R package <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/mHMMbayes/index.html">mHMMbayes on CRAN</a>. The full data set is available on request from the authors.</p>
Feature Extraction Using Hidden Markov Model for a Phonetic Process
<p>Speech is one of the primary forms of communication among humans. In real life, a dictionary is used to seek the pronunciation of a complex word; but, for computers, this look-up table is called a phonetic dictionary. A speech recognition process tags a word-utterance to its phoneme structure, thereby returning the grapheme representation. However, the speech recognition process is challenging because of the contextual relationship between words and sentences, dependent on speakers’ intentions. Further, factors influencing time, accents, noisy environment, and data security impose accuracy threats. The present research study proposes a new hybrid speech recognition model by considering three significant aspects: sound generation through phonetic representation, sound acoustics for transmission, and sound reception on how the sound is received. These steps are achieved through a speech-to-text model divided into various stages such as noise removal, speech-pause detection, feature extraction through framing, and windowing by adopting Hidden Markov Model (HMM). The implementation is performed on a phonetic tool, Praat. The robustness of the model is estimated using evaluation metrics such as f-measure and accuracy, resulting in 98% and 99% scores, respectively. Thus, the proposed approach efficiently transforms the spoken words into their corresponding text.</p>
Figure 5. A chromosome structure in case we have 2 visible states and 3 invisible states-Neuroevolution Mechanism for Hidden Markov Model
<p>Generating a population of size n of HMMs at random can be performed with some<br> restrictions:<br> - The weights representing the input layer in the chromosome should be always negligible as<br> initial values.<br> - The weights which are involved in summation of 1.0 in the hidden layer part of the<br> chromosome should be exactly 1.0.<br> Let us assume the following case<br> Visible states are 2 and invisible states (observations) are 3, , then we shall have a<br> chromosome as shown in Figure 5.</p>
Figure 6. Two point crossover of HMM chromosomes.-Neuroevolution Mechanism for Hidden Markov Model
<p>Two point Crossover<br> For the two point crossover we get two parent HMMs and choose at random two cutting points for<br> the weights that have a sum of 1.0 and swap the contents between the crossing points. This is<br> illustrated in the example shown in Figure 6.</p>
Figure 4. A chromosome structure for HMM shown in Figure 2.-Neuroevolution Mechanism for Hidden Markov Model
<p>The chromosome which represents the HMM can be extracted from its corresponding neural<br> network. The general structure of the chromosome is divided into two sections, input layer and<br> hidden layer. Each section contains many slots, and each slot represents a weight from one node in<br> that layer to a node in the next layer (from input to hidden and from hidden to output). The number<br> of slots in the input layer is the same number of input nodes in the neural network. In the hidden<br> layer, number of slots is equal to nodes in the output layer multiplied by the nodes in the hidden<br> layer.</p>
Figure 3. Neural network representation for HMM given in Figure 2.-Neuroevolution Mechanism for Hidden Markov Model
<p>In our proposed structure, we injected a hidden layer to have a multilayer perceptron which<br> is more efficient than single layer perceptron.<br> To make this process clear, Figure 3 shows the neural networks for the HMM presented in<br> Figure 2.</p>
Figure 9. Adding-Reducing mutation.-Neuroevolution Mechanism for Hidden Markov Model
<p>Adding a small value from one weight and decrement that value to another weight. The chosen<br> weights should be involved in summation of 1.0. Figure 9 shows an example, we add 0.001 from<br> one weight and decrement the same value from another weight.</p>
Figure 1. HMM to describe a relation between the states Med. and High with the observations (invisible states) cold and hot.-Neuroevolution Mechanism for Hidden Markov Model
<p>The advantage of using this technique is that MCPRs are very useful in real time<br> applications and can be adapted over time based on the obtained experience of the networking<br> working process. Again Hewahi[6] proposed a mechanism (algorithm) to evolve and select the best<br> suitable HMM for a given problem using GA, this mechanism lacks to the training process that can<br> be of great usefulness in finding the best HMM.<br> Based on the above mentioned research, the importance of using HMM is increasing<br> rapidly.<br> Let us consider the HMM presented in Figure 1.</p>
Figure 2. HMM with weights and necessary conditions on top of edges-Neuroevolution Mechanism for Hidden Markov Model
<p>Based on the HMM structure in Figure 2, we can perform the following steps:<br> 1. Make the number of nodes of inputs in the input layer of the NN as the number of states<br> (visible states not the observations). Each input node represents one state.<br> 2. Number of nodes in the output layer in the NN is equal to the number of states and<br> observations (visible and invisible states), where each node corresponds to one state (visible<br> or invisible).<br> 3. We construct a hidden layer in NN with n number of nodes, where n is the same number of<br> nodes in the input layer.<br> 4. We make a connection from every input to every hidden layer node with a very negligible<br> weight.<br> 5. Connect every hidden node in the hidden layer to every node in the output layer.<br> 6. Assign weights from the hidden layer to output layer in a way that as every node in the<br> hidden layer corresponding to input state. The weight on top of the link between the hidden<br> node to the output node is the probability value between the states in the HMM.<br> In our proposed structure, we injected a hidden layer to have a multilayer perceptron which<br> is more efficient than single layer perceptron.<br> To make this process clear, Figure 3 shows the neural networks for the HMM presented in<br> Figure 2.</p>
Figure 6. One chromosome from the population and the five chromosomes existing in the evaluation partition.-Genetic Algorithms Principles Towards Hidden Markov Model
<p>For example comparing the<br> chromosome given in Figure 6 with the first chromosome in the evaluation partition, the<br> difference between the relation Med-Med and Med-High as a pair is 0.0 and the difference<br> between the relation High-High and High-Med as a pair is 0.1. Similarly the difference between<br> the relation Med-Cold and Med-Hot as a pair is 0.1 and the difference between the relation<br> High-Cold and High-Hot as a pair is 0.2. We sum all these differences to get the value of<br> compare(i,j), the sum value is 0+0.1+0.1+0.2 = 0.4. Using the same approach we compute the<br> compare function with the other four chromosomes and we get values 0.4, 0.5,0.4 and 0.6. Now<br> we sum the five values 0.4 + 0.4 + 0.5+ 0.4 +0.6 = 2.3. The fitness value is then 1/ 2.3 = 0.434.<br> The highest is the fitness value, the better is the performance of the chromosome.</p>
Figure 4. Incorrect crossover operation. The High-High and High-Med probability values summation should be 1.-Genetic Algorithms Principles Towards Hidden Markov Model
<p>In this genetic operator, we choose two chromosomes at random and apply crossover between<br> them. Figure 3 shows the proposed crossover. We choose a crossing cut site at random. It is to be<br> noted that the crossing cut site should be even number. We should have two crossing cut sites. If<br> we make crossing cut site odd number, the resultant child will not have a correct value of<br> probability. The incorrect crossover is shown in Figure 4.</p>
Figure 5. Mutation process. This is happened by decreasing 0.2 from Med-Cold probability and adding 0.2 to Med- Hot.-Genetic Algorithms Principles Towards Hidden Markov Model
<p>Figure 5 illustrates an example of mutation process. In Figure 5, Med-Cold:0.9 and Med-Hot:0.1<br> before mutation and become Med-Cold:0.7 and Med-Hot:0.3 after mutation. This is done by<br> decreasing 0.2 from Med-Cold probability and adding 0.2 to Med-Hot probability.</p>
Figure 11. Group mutation-Neuroevolution Mechanism for Hidden Markov Model
<p>This happens by swapping two complete groups with summation of 1.0 with the same criteria.<br> Figure 10 shows a case of this.</p>
Figure 7. One point crossover of HMM chromosomes.-Neuroevolution Mechanism for Hidden Markov Model
This crossover is performed in the input layer part only. We choose a crossing cut point in the input layer part of the chromosome, and exchange everything before it. This is illustrated in Figure 7.
Figure 3. The crossover operation between two HMM chromosomes Figure-Genetic Algorithms Principles Towards Hidden Markov Model
<p>Crossover<br> In this genetic operator, we choose two chromosomes at random and apply crossover between<br> them. Figure 3 shows the proposed crossover. We choose a crossing cut site at random. It is to be<br> noted that the crossing cut site should be even number. We should have two crossing cut sites. If<br> we make crossing cut site odd number, the resultant child will not have a correct value of<br> probability. The incorrect crossover is shown in Figure 4.</p>
Figure 2. The general structure of the proposed approach-Genetic Algorithms Principles Towards Hidden Markov Model
<p>The chromosome contains 8 genes, each is represented by the relation between two states<br> accompanied with a probability value. The genes should be formed in this way because this is<br> important in the crossover operation as to be explained later. The most important thing is that each<br> two genes has the probability summation of 1.0. For example Med-Med:02 and Med-High:08 have<br> the summation of 1.0. Similarly High-High:0.6 and High-Med:0.4 have the summation of 1.0. Each<br> two genes with summation of 1.0 should be neighbors.</p>
Figure 1. HMM to describe a relation between the states Med. and High with the observations (invisible states) cold and hot.-Genetic Algorithms Principles Towards Hidden Markov Model
<p>Hewahi [4] presented a modified version of Censored Production Rule (CPR) called<br> Modified Censored Production Rules (MCPR). CPR is proposed by Michalski and Winston [6 ] to<br> capture real time situations. MCPR can fit with hidden Markov model and present a scheme to<br> compute the certainty values of the obtained conclusions out of the induced rules. To compute the<br> certainty values for the rule actions (conclusions), the approach exploited only the probability<br> values associated with the hidden Markov model without using any of the other well known<br> certainty computation approaches. Hewahi [3] also proposed an intelligent networking<br> management system based on the induced MCPRs extracted from a networking structure based on<br> HMM. The advantage of using this technique is that MCPRs are very useful in real time<br> applications and can be adapted over time based on the obtained experience of the networking<br> working process.<br> Let us consider the HMM presented in Figure 1.</p>
Figure 1. Markov Chain Model&Figure 2. Transition matrix-Study of a Random Navigation on the Web Using Software Simulation
<p>For a good simulation it is very important to find methods for<br> navigating through the web (Levene and Wheeldon, 2004). John Kemeny and Laurie Snell have<br> proposed the use of Markov models for web simulations (Kemeny and Snell, 1960). Cadez et al. (2000)<br> used Markov models for classifying the sessions into different categories for browsers. Some other<br> proposed techniques choose to combine different order Markov models for obtaining low state<br> complexity and improving accuracy, as Deshpande and Karypis (2004). Dongshan and Junyi (2002)<br> used for predicting the access providing good scalability and high coverage a hybrid-order tree-like<br> Markov model. As an alternative to the Markov model Pitkow proposed a longest subsequence model<br> (Pitkow and Pirolli, 1999), also for predicting the next page accessed by the user Sarukkai chose<br> Markov models (Sarukkai, 2000).<br> Transitions are simulated using the Markov Chain nodes, Google matrix and an arbitrary initial<br> probability distribution. Examples can be seen in Figure 1 and Figure 2.</p>
Monthly NAO data for GRL paper "Understanding the Signal-to-noise Paradox with a Simple Markov Model"
<p>The datasets include monthly NAO data for GRL paper "Understanding the Signal-to-noise Paradox with a Simple Markov Model". The monthly NAO index is estimated based on the leading empirical orthogonal function mode of the Mean Sea Level Pressure (SLP) over the North Atlantic. The monthly NAO index has been normalized for each dataset seperately. The description of each file is shown as follows: </p> <ul> <li>monthly_nao_cmip5_models_1871_2005.nc: monthly NAO index derived from 40 CMIP5 model outputs (historical run; first realization)</li> <li>cmip5_model_list: list of 40 CMIP5 models</li> <li> monthly_nao_era20c_1900_2005.nc: monthly NAO index derived from the ECMWF's twentieth-century reanalysis data (ERA20C)</li> <li>monthly_nao_noaa20c_1871_2005.nc: monthly NAO index derived from the NOAA's twentieth-century reanalysis version-2 data (NOAA20C) </li> </ul>
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