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5 results for “Monteverde, Costa Rica”
Data: Plant-water relations of the genus Ocotea in Monteverde, Costa Rica
<p><strong>Study Site and Species:</strong> This study was conducted in a fragmented tropical pre-montane wet forest on the Pacific slope of the Cordillera de Tilarán mountains near Monteverde, Costa Rica (10.302379, -84.809142) between February and June 2010. We monitored plant-water relations on understory saplings of three evergreen tree species from the genus <em>Ocotea </em>(Lauraceae), including <em>O. monteverdensis</em>, <em>O. whitei</em>, and <em>O. tenera</em>. The terminal height and diameter at breast height of each individual was measured once at the start of the study.</p> <p><strong>Climate:</strong> To characterize climate, bulk precipitation (S-RGB tipping bucket, Onset Corporation, Bourne, MA), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; S-LIA sensor, Onset Corporation, Bourne, MA), and vapor pressure deficit (VPD; S-THB temperature and relative humidity sensor, Onset Corporation, Bourne, MA) were logged at a 20 min interval using a meteorological station (Hobo MicroStation, Onset Corporation, Bourne, MA) set 1.5 m above ground in an open field ~200 m<sup>2</sup> in size approximately 500 m from the site (10.3248°, -84.820047°, 1415 m asl).</p> <p><strong>Soil Moisture: </strong>Simultaneous to monthly measurements of plant-water relations, soil moisture was measured (n = 10 observations per month) as a percent across 0-20 cm soil depth (Hydrosense, Campbell Scientific, Logan, UT).<strong> </strong></p> <p><strong>Plant-Water Relations:</strong> Pre-dawn (before 06:00) and midday (around 12:00) measurements of leaf water potential were measured using a pressure chamber (SAPS, Soil Moisture, Goleta, CA) on a monthly basis on the same 5 individuals of each species between February and June 2010. In February 2010, water potential measurements were also collected every 2 hrs for a 24-hr period to characterize diurnal patterns. Leaf pressure volume curves and stomatal conductance measurements are also available upon request. </p> <p>These data are made available as formatted for PSInet: A global water potential network (https://psinetrcn.github.io/)</p> <p>Funding was provided by a National Geographic Society Young Explorers Grant to G.R. Goldsmith. </p>
Data from: Vascular epiphytes show low physiological resistance and high recovery capacity to episodic, short-term drought in Monteverde, Costa Rica
<ol> <li>Tropical montane cloud forests support abundant epiphytic vascular plant communities that serve important ecosystem functions, but their reliance on atmospheric inputs of water may make them susceptible to the drying effects of rising cloud bases and more frequent droughts.</li> <li>We conducted a common garden experiment to explore the combined effects of decreasing cloud influence—lower humidity, warmer temperature, brighter light—and meteorological drought (i.e., absence of rain) on the physiology and morphology of vascular epiphytes native to primary forests of Monteverde, Costa Rica. The epiphytes, which exhibited C<sub>3</sub> photosynthesis, were sourced from a lower montane cloud forest (CF) or a rainforest below the current cloud base (RF) and transplanted into nearby shadehouses (CF or RF shadehouse, respectively). Vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and light availability, measured as photosynthetically active radiation, were 2.5 and 3.1 times higher in the RF than the CF shadehouse. Half of the plants were subjected to a severe four-week drought followed by a recovery period, and the other half were watered controls.</li> <li>Plants subjected to low VPD/light conditions of the CF shadehouse were physiologically and morphologically resistant to the drought treatment. However, compared to control plants, both sources of plants subjected to high VPD/light conditions of the RF shadehouse experienced declines in maximum net photosynthesis (A<sub>max</sub>), stomatal conductance (g<sub>s</sub>), and the proportion of healthy leaves (those not exhibiting chlorosis, desiccation, or necrosis). At peak drought, leaves from the RF were 19% thinner than controls. Within 7-14 days after rewatering, A<sub>max</sub>, g<sub>s</sub>, and leaf health recovered to nearly the levels of controls. Growth rate, mortality, and phenology were unaffected by the treatments.</li> <li>The divergent responses to drought in the CF versus RF shadehouses, combined with the recovery in the RF shadehouse, indicate that these epiphytes possess adaptive properties that confer low resistance, but high recovery capacity, to episodes of short-term drought over a range of cloud influence. In addition, the reduction in A<sub>max</sub> suggests stomatal regulation that favors water conservation over carbon acquisition, a strategy that may inform epiphyte responses to rising clouds and increasing drought frequency expected in the long term.</li> </ol>
Data from: Vascular epiphytes show low physiological resistance and high recovery capacity to episodic, short-term drought in Monteverde, Costa Rica
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Freshwater crab abundances in headwater streams (Monteverde, Costa Rica)
<p>We used capture-mark-recapture methods (CMR) to quantify <em>Ptychophallus tumimanus </em>(Pseudothelphusidae) freshwater crab populations across 20 headwater stream sites spanning a range of land uses, including forest reserves and an urban center in Monteverde, Costa Rica. </p> <p>We conducted the CMR survey from June to August 2018. At each site, two people collected crabs from riffles (fast-flowing, shallow areas) and runs. We sampled by conducting a visual search and turning over rocks, positioning a D-net downstream in areas with swift flow. We also searched for crabs under emergent rocks located on sand bars and stream banks. Pools were not sampled due to difficulty of catching crabs in deep areas with low visibility. We sampled crabs between 0800 and 1600 h. Surveys were time-limited to a minimum of 30 min, but sometimes extended to 45 min to account for crab handling time and to keep search time similar among sites (i.e., when large numbers of crabs were encountered, requiring increased handling time, we extended the survey duration to 45 min). The total sampled reach length varied among sites due to differences in numbers of crabs, habitat accessibility, and variations in stream width (longer reaches were sampled for narrower streams). We conducted the CMR surveys over three consecutive days at each site and sampled the same reach length each day. Over this short time interval, crab populations were assumed to be closed to immigration, emigration, recruitment, and mortality. </p> <p>All crabs were individually marked by using a drop of Loctite super glue to attach a piece of Rite in the Rain paper with a unique number to the middle of the carapace. A coat of quick-dry clear nail polish was applied on top of each glued number and allowed to dry prior to release. Crabs were released at random locations within the sampled reach. On the second and third sampling days at each site, we manually sampled crabs, recorded individuals with tags, marked newly caught individuals, and redistributed them throughout the sampled reach. </p> <p>We quantified a set of local environmental variables at each site: elevation, water temperature, conductivity, substrate type, wetted width, depth, stream velocity, pH, and % canopy cover. We estimated site-specific crab abundance and density using hierarchical Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo models and estimated the effects of potential covariates (elevation, water temperature, conductivity, % cobble, mean substrate size, channel width, depth, stream velocity, pH, % canopy cover) on crab abundances across sites. </p>
Distribution. Near Monteverde in the Tilaran Highlands of NW Costa Rica. in Soricidae
Distribution. Near Monteverde in the Tilaran Highlands of NW Costa Rica.
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