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276 results for “Myotis”
Data from: Group size and dispersal ploys: An analysis of commuting behaviour of the pond bat (Myotis dasycneme)
<p>This study aimed to provide a description on how Pond bats (<em>Myotis dasycneme</em>) disperse, how to recognize a commuting route, and details about the effort needed to make a complete survey of one commuting route. The study area covered the provinces of Zuid-Holland, Overijssel, Friesland, Noord-Holland, and Utrecht. During 6 years of study between 2002 and 2009, researchers and bat volunteers studied pond bats along several waterways (all waterways wider than 10 m) between known roosts and their hunting areas. All the observations were made between April and September, starting 20 min before sunset. During the entire observation effort, the time (in hours and minutes) and direction of each bat was recorded. The time that each bat passed the observation location was later transformed to minutes after sunset. The number of animals on commuting route was related to the number of animals present in their respective roost.</p> <p> </p> <p>Data are organized in 3 files: <strong>commuting data 10 minutes.csv</strong>, <strong>commuting data.csv</strong> and <strong>observations waddinxveen.csv</strong>. The variables in these data files are explained here:</p> <p>Date: the observation date</p> <p>Location description: description of the location</p> <p>X Y: The coordinates of the location in RD. The RD (Rijks-Driehoek) system is the coordinate system used by the Dutch geographical service.</p> <p>Long Lat: The coordinates of the location in longitude and latitude.</p> <p>Distance over water: commuting distance over water. For each route, the distance (d) over water between roost and observation location was measured from a topographical map and expressed in kilometres.</p> <p>Moon cover: the amount of moon cover, expressed in percentages.</p> <p>Roost location: the assumed location of the roost of the bats passing on their commuting route</p> <p>Max N of bats in roost: the max number of bats observed emerging from a roost.</p> <p>Sum N of bats over 10-minute interval: the sum of all the observed bats passing in one direction within a 10-minute interval</p> <p>Time after sunset in 10 min: the begin time of each interval, measured in minutes after sunset</p> <p>Peak time after sunset: the time of the observed peak in numbers of bats, in minutes after sunset.</p> <p>Area: the municipality near the observation location.</p> <p>Total N of pond bats on route: the total number of pond bats observed on route, in the given observation time. Including foraging and returning bats.</p> <p>Total N of commuting pond bats: the total number of bats observed commuting (excluding all other behaviours).</p> <p>Time of first bat minutes after sunset: the time of the first bat, measured in minutes after sunset.</p> <p>Duration of commuting: the time in hours between the first and the last bat observed commuting.</p> <p>Observation time: the total duration (in minutes) of the observation period.</p> <p>Moon phases: a 1–3 scale, where c1 is the new moon, c2 is the first quarter, c3 half moon, c4 is the last quarter and c5 is the full moon.</p> <p>Cloud cover: estimation of the cover, using the following three categories: c1-0%–25% cover (clear night sky or some isolated clouds), c2-25%–75% cover (several scattered clouds but not covering more than 75% of the night sky), and c3- 75%–100% cover (scattered clouds covering more than 75% of the night sky to a completely overcast night sky</p> <p>Observation type: observation of either emerging bats from a roost (roost) or bats observed on commuting route (commuting).</p> <p> </p> <p>In addition, we also provide 2 pdf’s containing the observation protocols (in Dutch) for counting emerging bats (<strong>Handleiding tellen van een groep meervleermuizen.pdf</strong>) and bats along a commuting route (<strong>Handleiding vliegroute telling.pdf</strong>). The protocols are intended for professionals and citizen scientists.</p>
Data from: Male long-distance migrant turned sedentary; The West European pond bat (Myotis dasycneme) alters their migration and hibernation behaviour
<p>Winter survey data, temperature data and mark recapture data of <em>Myotis dasycneme</em>. This study aimed to better understand the migration, mating and hibernation choices of the pond bat.</p> <p> </p> <p>The study area covered the whole of the Netherlands, Belgium and East Frisia (northwest Germany). We defined two study periods, data collected between 1930 and 1980 (Sluiter and van Heerdt) and data between 1980 and 2015 (Haarsma). All available mark and recovery data (ringing) of both the historical and recent migration research were digitized. Observations include location and date of capture, species, sex and ring number. The latest observations in the recent dataset (Haarsma) also include biometric measurements (forearm length, body mass) and information about age and reproductive status. These biometric measurements show that male pond bats are on average smaller and lighter than females (body mass (g)/ forearm length (mm) females: 18.9/47.1, males: 16.4/46.4). The dataset shows changes in the fat mass of both sexes during a year.</p> <p>This study also compares migration data with winter monitoring survey data. We selected winter roosts with three or more records of three or more pond bats in one or both of the study periods. Only data from sites with long-term data series (from the hibernacula in the Dutch provinces of Zuid-Holland, Gelderland and Limburg) were used to analyse trends and annual abundance. Our selection included 59 limestone mines in the province of Limburg and 16 WOII bunkers in Gelderland and 38 in Zuid-Holland. We divided the sites into 'core' and 'satellite' sites depending on the timing of first colonization.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Bunker limestone mine microclimate</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>Radiation temperature: radiation temperature of the wall, measured with a non-contact infrared thermometer</p> <p>How many bats: the group size of each bat/ group of bats observed, categorized as alone and group.</p> <p>Where: the hanging location of the observed bat, categorized as hidden (in crevice) or free (free on ceiling or wall)</p> <p>Date: date of the observation</p> <p>Xy-coord: The coordinates of the entrance of the bunker or limestone mine. The RD (Rijks-Driehoek) system is the coordinate system used by the Dutch geographical service.</p> <p>Type: Bunker or limestone</p> <p>Location description: description of the name of the site</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Bunker monitoring core and satellite</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>Date: date</p> <p>Winter: the period between September and April is defined as the winter of the year starting in January.</p> <p>Location description: description of the name of the site</p> <p>N of pond bats: total number of observed pond bats</p> <p>Province: the province</p> <p>Type: hibernacula categorized as a core or satellite site, sites occupied by pond bats since 1977 and 1997 respectively.</p> <p>XY-coord: The coordinates of the entrance of the bunker or limestone mine. The RD (Rijks-Driehoek) system is the coordinate system used by the Dutch geographical service.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Supporting information (as referenced in the published paper, hence also available with plos one)</strong></p> <p><br> <strong>S1 Fig. The range of the West European pond bat population (TIF).</strong> The shaded areas indicate the<br> areas where the bulk of the surveys were carried out.</p> <p><br> <strong>S2 Fig. The distribution of the pond bat in Europe (country boundaries are only indicative) (JPG).</strong> Within the whole range of the species distribution seven groups can be separated.<br> A The Netherlands, Belgium and Northwest Germany (~the West European population),<br> B Jutland Peninsula,<br> C Central European lakelands,<br> D The Baltic States,<br> E Ural Mountains (hibernacula),<br> F Volga Valley (summer nurseries),<br> G Hungary and Romania.<br> <br> <strong>S3 Fig. The distribution of hibernacula used by the western pond bat population (TIF). </strong>These are<br> sites with three or more records of pond bats in one or both study periods. We identified four<br> roost categories: Roosts which have been used ever since 1900 (= green squares), roosts used<br> only between 1900–1980 (= open black squares), roosts occupied after 1980 (= purple circles),<br> roosts occupied after 1997 (= blue asterisks). Detailed maps, all with the same enlargement, of<br> the clusters in the provinces of Zuid-Holland (1), Gelderland (1) and Limburg (3) are provided.<br> <br> </p> <p><strong>S1 Table. Summary of the average weight of pond bats over the study period.</strong> The weight is averaged per week. The table gives average weight of females, males both adults and juveniles.</p> <p> </p> <p>Avg weight: average weight of pond bats of each sex, in a certain week</p> <p>Sex: male of female</p> <p>Week number: number of the week</p> <p>Age: juvenile (or young of the year). Defined as the from birth until the onset of first hibernation. Subadult or sexual immature, defined as individuals with no signs of (past) reproductive activity. Adult or sexual mature, defined as all individuals with signs of (previous) reproductive activity.</p> <p>N observations: number of observations within each subset.<br> </p> <p><strong>S2 Table. Mark and recapture data from the historical dataset.</strong><br> </p> <p>Ringnumber: the label of the ring</p> <p> Sex: male or female</p> <p>capture date: date of capture</p> <p>capture location: description of capture location</p> <p>x y coordinate: The coordinates of the capture location in RD. The RD (Rijks-Driehoek) system is the coordinate system used by the Dutch geographical service.</p> <p>recapture date: date of recapture</p> <p>recapture location: description of recapture location</p> <p>x y coordinate: The coordinates of the recapture location in RD. The RD (Rijks-Driehoek) system is the coordinate system used by the Dutch geographical service.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>S3 Table. Mark and recapture data from the recent dataset.</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>Same dataset as the historical set, but now including age (see definition used in S1)<br> <br> </p>
FIGURE 3 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea
FIGURE 3. Portrait of Myotis nimbaensis (AMNH 279589, holotype). A, View of right side of upper body and head showing the pale ventral fur and bright orange fur on the head and the ruff around the neck; also note the brown color of the thumb. B, Anterior view of the left ear showing the pale orange-brown color of the pinna, strong distal emargination, and rounded pinna tip. C, Anterior view of right ear showing the ridges in the pinna and the relative length of the lanceolate tragus, which is slightly less than half the length of the pinna. D, Close-up view of the right side of the head showing the pale skin visible through the fur around eye, mouth, and on the rostrum; also note the strongly tricolored fur on the top of the head.
FIGURE 2 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea
FIGURE 2. Photographs of roosting and surrounding habitats at the type locality in the Guinean Nimba Mountains. A, Entrance of Kaiser Adit 1. B, Entrance of Kaiser Adit 3 with harp trap placed for bat capture. C, Ecotone of savanna and gallery forest habitats at the headwaters of the Zié river viewable from where bats were captured at adit entrances.
FIGURE 9 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea
FIGURE 9. Spectrogram of echolocation calls emitted by the holotype Myotis nimbaensis upon initial release (FFT size 1024, Hanning window; sampling rate of 500 kHz). Color scale represents amplitude of sound in decibels (dB).
FIGURE 6 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea
FIGURE 6. Uropatagium, foot, calcar, and flight membrane attachments in Myotis nimbaensis (AMNH 279589, holotype). A, Dorsal side of the uropatagium showing orangish brown skin with orange fur on the proximal 1/3 of the surface of the membrane. B, Ventral side of uropatagium showing pale cream-colored fur on proximal 1/5 of ventral membrane surface; this fur continues across the femur onto the proximal plagiopatagium in a narrow strip that does not extend past the knee. C, Dorsal view of distal leg, foot, calcar, and associated flight membranes. Note that the wing membrane (on right of the foot) attaches to the foot at the base of the first toe, and the calcar (on the left of the foot) is more than twice the length of the hind foot. D, Close-up of the dorsal surface of the foot showing sparse, long brown hairs on each toe. E, Close-up of the ventral side of foot and toes showing dark brown coloration. F, Ventral view of the hind leg and foot showing the relatively small foot size (foot length = 2/5 of tibia length) and the patterning of black membrane pigmentation near the leg and foot.
FIGURE 5 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea
FIGURE 5. Coloration of the wing membranes in Myotis nimbaensis (AMNH 279589, holotype). A, Dorsal surface of the wing showing the dichromatic black and orange skin coloration. The plagiopatagium and dactylopagial membranes are mostly black with thin orange bands along the metacarpals, phalanges, and forearm; the black pigmentation also extends nearly to the body wall in the area between the forearm and the hind leg. The propatagium is pale orange. B, Dorsal surface of the anterior and proximal portion of the wing showing the patterning of the black pigmentation near the body. C, Dorsal surface of the distal wing showing the brown thumb and orange (not black) pigmentation of the membrane between digits II and III.
FIGURE 1 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea
FIGURE 1. Relief map with satellite imagery overlaid showing the capture locations of the Myotis nimbaensis holotype (red triangle: captured 26 January 2018; red circle: collected 2 February 2018) and other sites where this species was likely detected with acoustic monitoring at entrances of underground sites (yellow squares). The mining concession footprint is shown as the unshaded area within the Nimba Mountains Strict Nature Reserve and Mount Nimba World Heritage Site (identical boundaries) that are overlaid by light green shading. Dominant habitat types are visible as different textures from the satellite imagery showing how gallery forests occur along steep canyons surrounded by savanna at higher elevations. Roads and trails in the mining concession are also visible as light brown features. Location of the Nimba Mountains in relation to Guinea, Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire is shown in the inset.
FIGURE 4 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea
FIGURE 4. Fur color and banding in Myotis nimbaensis (AMNH 279589, holotype). A, View of the dorsal fur showing the overall bright orange coloration; creamy white bands on the hairs proximal to the bright orange fur tips are visible on the lower right near the leg where the fur has been somewhat disturbed. B, Close-up of dorsal fur over the lower back showing tricolored fur in a spot on the center left where the fur has been slightly teased apart; where the fur is undisturbed, the banding of individual hairs is not visible. C, dorsal fur over lower back clearly showing the tricolored banding in an area where the fur has been separated by blowing. D, Ventral fur over torso showing overall paler coloration than dorsal fur, and tricolored banding of the hairs with less orange at the tips. E, Ventral fur over left side of the thorax showing bicolored banding (lack of a black basal band) near the wing membrane.
FIGURE 11 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea
FIGURE 11. Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction of subgenus Chrysopteron using an alignment of 634 base pairs of mitochondrial gene cytochrome b. Colored circles at nodes represent support values as posterior probability from Bayesian analyses. Support values lower than 50% at shallow nodes are not shown. Tip labels indicate GenBank accession number and locality. Myotis tricolor 1, 2, and 3 and M. welwitschii 1 and 2 are labeled following Patterson et al. (2019).
FIGURE 8 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea
FIGURE 8. Dentition of Myotis nimbaensis (AMNH 279589, holotype): A, lateral view of upper toothrow; B, occlusal view of upper toothrow; C, occlusal view of lower toothrow; D, lateral view of lower toothrow. (Drawings by Patricia J. Wynne.)
FIGURE 10 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea
FIGURE 10. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic reconstruction of subgenus Chrysopteron using an alignment of 634 base pairs of mitochondrial gene cytochrome b. Colored circles at nodes represent support values as bootstrap percentage from maximum likelihood analyses. Support values lower than 50% at shallow nodes are not shown. Tip labels indicate GenBank accession number and locality. Myotis tricolor 1, 2, and 3 and M. welwitschii 1 and 2 are labeled following Patterson et al. (2019).
FIGURE 7 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea
FIGURE 7. Skull and jaws of Myotis nimbaensis (AMNH 279589, holotype): A, dorsal view of skull; B, ventral view of skull; C, lateral view of skull and lower jaws. (Drawings by Patricia J. Wynne.)
APPENDIX 2 in A new dichromatic species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea
APPENDIX 2 SOURCES OF MOLECULAR DATA Species included in phylogenetic analyses, sampling localities, and GenBank accession for cytochrome b sequences employed in this study.
Data from: Diversification rates have no effect on the convergent evolution of foraging strategies in the most speciose genus of bats, Myotis
<p>Adaptive radiations are defined as rapid diversification with phenotypic innovation led by colonization to new environments. Notably, adaptive radiations can occur in parallel when habitats with similar selective pressures are accessible promoting convergent adaptions. While convergent evolution appears to be a common process, it is unclear what are the main drivers leading the reappearance of morphologies or ecological roles. We explore this question in <i>Myotis</i> bats, the only Chiropteran genus with a worldwide distribution. Three foraging strategies –gleaning, trawling, and aerial netting– repeatedly evolved in several regions of the world, each linked to characteristic morphologies recognized as ecomorphs. Phylogenomic, morphometric, and comparative approaches were adopted to investigate convergence of such foraging strategies and skull morphology as well as factors that explain diversification rates. Genomic and morphometric data were analyzed from ~80% extant taxa. Results confirm that the ecomorphs evolved multiple times, with trawling evolving more often and foliage gleaning most recently. Skull morphology does not reflect common ancestry, evolves convergently with foraging strategy. While diversification rates have been roughly constant across the genus, speciation rates are area-dependent in taxa with temperate distributions. Results suggest that in this species-rich group of bats, first, stochastic processes have led divergence into multiple lineages. Then, natural selection in similar niches has promoted repeated adaptation of phenotypes and foraging strategies. <i>Myotis</i> bats are thus a remarkable case of ecomorphological convergence and an emerging model system for investigating the genomic basis of parallel adaptive radiation.</p>
Figure S1 in New Insights into the Taxonomy of Myotis Bats in China Based on Morphology and Multilocus Phylogeny
Figure S1. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed based on 123 mitochondrial Cytb haplotypes. Values on the branches represent posterior probability obtained with MrBayes (A) and bootstrap percentage obtained with IQ-TREE (B). Geometries of different colors and shapes represent Myotis species. The information on mitochondrial haplotypes was described in Table S3.
Figure 2 in New Insights into the Taxonomy of Myotis Bats in China Based on Morphology and Multilocus Phylogeny
Figure 2. Principal component analysis based on five morphological characteristics. The first two principal components explained 88.77% and 6.77% of the total variance, respectively. Geometries with different colors and shapes represent Myotis species.
Figure 4 in New Insights into the Taxonomy of Myotis Bats in China Based on Morphology and Multilocus Phylogeny
Figure 4. (A) Species tree constructed in *BEAST based on Cytb, Rag2, and Chd1 genes. Values on the branch represent posterior probability. (B) Heatmap of K2P genetic distance calculated based on mitochondrial Cytb gene (lower triangular) and concatenated nuclear genes (upper triangular). Geometries with different colors and shapes represent Myotis species and corresponds to the species on the left side.
Figure 1 in New Insights into the Taxonomy of Myotis Bats in China Based on Morphology and Multilocus Phylogeny
Figure 1. Mitochondrial phylogenetic tree reconstructed based on 123 Cytb haplotypes. Values on the branches represent posterior probability (PP) and bootstrap percentage (BP). Geometries with different colors and shapes represent Myotis species. "Initial" represents the initially filed identification or the species information labelled in GenBank. "Revised" means the revised species names. The information on mitochondrial haplotypes was described in Table S3.
Figure S2 in New Insights into the Taxonomy of Myotis Bats in China Based on Morphology and Multilocus Phylogeny
Figure S2. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed based on 20 nuclear Rag2 haplotypes (A‒B), 13 nuclear Chd1 haplotypes (C‒D), and concatenated nuclear sequences (E‒F). Values on the branches represent posterior probability obtained with MrBayes (BI) and bootstrap percentage obtained with IQ-TREE (ML). Geometries of different colors and shapes represent Myotis species. The information on nuclear haplotypes was described in Table S4.
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