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43 results for “Nasutitermes”
An Experimental Test of Lanchester's Models of Combat in the Neotropical Termite Nasutitermes corniger (Blattodea: Termitidae)
<p><span>Lanchester's models of combat have been invoked to explain the mechanics of group fighting in social animals. Specifically, Lanchester's square law posits that the fighting ability of the group is proportional to the square of the number of combatants. Although used to explain a variety of ecological phenomena, the models have not been thoroughly tested. We tested the Lanchester models using group battles between colonies of the termite <em>Nasutitermes corniger</em>. Our main goals were to determine if mortality rates fit the Lanchester models, and if so, whether the behavioural mechanisms underlying a group's success match those used in deriving the model. We initiated battles between pairs of colonies with different ratios of fighters and recorded deaths over time. We found that the numerically larger army has an advantage, but that the advantage is not as pronounced as predicted by Lanchester's square law. We also video-recorded battles to analyse individual behaviour, which did not support the mechanisms invoked by Lanchester. Instead, the killing power of an individual is increased by the presence of nestmates, giving the larger group a disproportionate advantage. Although the behavioural mechanisms leading to the advantage may differ, our results still support some of the proposed ecological phenomena.</span></p>
Fig. 2 in Establishment of Nasutitermes corniger (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) on Abaco Island, The Bahamas
Fig. 2. Treasure Cay area, Abaco Island, The Bahamas infested by Nasutitermes corniger. Original 2005 N. corniger locality (white square), September 2015 live collection sites (black and white dots), and Treasure Cay Community Centre (C.C.). Imagery date: 31 Oct 2014, Google Earth©.
An Experimental Test of Lanchester’s Models of Combat in the Neotropical Termite Nasutitermes corniger (Blattodea: Termitidae)
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Data from: Species delimitation and phylogeny in the genus Nasutitermes (Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) in French Guiana
Species delimitation and identification can be arduous for taxa whose morphologic characters are easily confused, which can hamper global biodiversity assessments and pest species management. Exploratory methods of species delimitation that use DNA sequence as their primary information source to establish group membership and estimate putative species boundaries are useful approaches, complementary to traditional taxonomy. Termites of the genus Nasutitermes make interesting models for the application of such methods. They are dominant in Neotropical primary forests but also represent major agricultural and structural pests. Despite the prevalence, pivotal ecological role and economical impact of this group, the taxonomy of Nasutitermes species mainly depends on unreliable characters of soldier external morphology. Here, we generated robust species hypotheses for 79 Nasutitermes colonies sampled throughout French Guiana without any a priori knowledge of species affiliation. Sequence analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II gene was coupled with exploratory species-delimitation tools, using the automatic barcode gap discovery method (ABGD) and a generalized mixed Yule-coalescent model (GMYC) to propose primary species hypotheses (PSHs). PSHs were revaluated using phylogenetic analyses of two more loci (mitochondrial 16S rDNA and nuclear internal transcribed spacer 2) leading to 16 retained secondary species hypotheses (RSSH). Seven RSSHs, represented by 44/79 of the sampled colonies, were morphologically affiliated to species recognized as pests in the Neotropics, where they represent a real invasive pest potential in the context of growing ecosystem anthropization. Multigenic phylogenies based on combined alignments (1426–1784 bp) were also reconstructed to identify ancestral ecological niches and major-pest lineages, revealing that Guyanese pest species do not form monophyletic groups.
FIGURE 3 in Revised systematic position of Nasutitermes brevipilus Emerson, 1925 (Isoptera Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) and the designation of Hyleotermes gen. nov.
FIGURE 3. Worker mandibles of Hyleotermes brevipilus, comb. nov. A, type 1 (narrow gap); B, type 2 (broad gap). Gap is between the third marginal tooth (M3) and molar prominence (MP) of left mandibles.
FIGURE 6 in Revised systematic position of Nasutitermes brevipilus Emerson, 1925 (Isoptera Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) and the designation of Hyleotermes gen. nov.
FIGURE 6. Gizzard and enteric valve of the worker of Hyleotermes brevipilus, comb. nov. A, complete gizzard armature, showing columnar and pulvillar belts; B, detail of column I, ornamented with scales; C, detail of pulvillus I with their entire surface covered with long aciculiform spines.
FIGURE 2 in Revised systematic position of Nasutitermes brevipilus Emerson, 1925 (Isoptera Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) and the designation of Hyleotermes gen. nov.
FIGURE 2. Imago, soldier, and workers of Hyleotermes brevipilus, comb. nov. A, head and pronotum of female imago (paratype) in dorsal view; B, head of imago in profile; C, meso and metanotum of imago in dorsal view; D, soldier head in profile; E, soldier head in dorsal view; F, worker type 1 (narrow gap), head in dorsal view; G, worker type 2 (broad gap), head in dorsal view; H, worker type 2 (broad gap), head in profile view.
FIGURE 1. A in Revised systematic position of Nasutitermes brevipilus Emerson, 1925 (Isoptera Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) and the designation of Hyleotermes gen. nov.
FIGURE 1. A, Bayesian inference consensus tree with clade credibility values indicated for each node as percentages; B, Maximum likelihood tree, with ultrafast ML bootstrap values, respectively, labeled at the nodes.
FIGURE 7 in Revised systematic position of Nasutitermes brevipilus Emerson, 1925 (Isoptera Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) and the designation of Hyleotermes gen. nov.
FIGURE 7. Worker enteric valve armature of A, Hyleotermes brevipilus comb. nov.; B, Nasutermes corniger from Panama (UFTC no. PN379).
FIGURE 4 in Revised systematic position of Nasutitermes brevipilus Emerson, 1925 (Isoptera Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) and the designation of Hyleotermes gen. nov.
FIGURE 4. Scatterplot showing morphometric differences between the two worker types of Hyleotermes brevipilus, comb. nov.
FIGURE 14 in Expanded range of Nasutitermes callimorphus Mathews, 1977 (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae), comparison with N. corniger (Motschulsky, 1855) and N. ephratae (Holmgren, 1910), and synonymy of N. dasyopsis Thorne, 1989 into N. nigriceps (Haldeman, 1854)
FIGURE 14. Potential current suitability of N. callimorphus according to the species distribution modeling.
FIGURE 10 in Expanded range of Nasutitermes callimorphus Mathews, 1977 (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae), comparison with N. corniger (Motschulsky, 1855) and N. ephratae (Holmgren, 1910), and synonymy of N. dasyopsis Thorne, 1989 into N. nigriceps (Haldeman, 1854)
FIGURE 10. Nasutitermes nigriceps soldier from Panama (PN207). Soldier head capsule dorsal, lateral, and ventral views (A, B, and C, respectively).
FIGURE 7 in Expanded range of Nasutitermes callimorphus Mathews, 1977 (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae), comparison with N. corniger (Motschulsky, 1855) and N. ephratae (Holmgren, 1910), and synonymy of N. dasyopsis Thorne, 1989 into N. nigriceps (Haldeman, 1854)
FIGURE 7. Nasutitermes ephratae from Guadeloupe (GU873). Imago head (dorsal A, lateral B) and major worker head (dorsal C, lateral D).
FIGURE 4 in Expanded range of Nasutitermes callimorphus Mathews, 1977 (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae), comparison with N. corniger (Motschulsky, 1855) and N. ephratae (Holmgren, 1910), and synonymy of N. dasyopsis Thorne, 1989 into N. nigriceps (Haldeman, 1854)
FIGURE 4. Nasutitermes corniger from Grenada (GR223). Imago head (dorsal A, lateral B) and major worker head (dorsal C, lateral D).
FIGURE 3 in Expanded range of Nasutitermes callimorphus Mathews, 1977 (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae), comparison with N. corniger (Motschulsky, 1855) and N. ephratae (Holmgren, 1910), and synonymy of N. dasyopsis Thorne, 1989 into N. nigriceps (Haldeman, 1854)
FIGURE 3. Nasutitermes callimorphus worker enteric valve armature (arrow: direction of food flow; A) and field habitus of foragers (B).
FIGURE 5 in Expanded range of Nasutitermes callimorphus Mathews, 1977 (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae), comparison with N. corniger (Motschulsky, 1855) and N. ephratae (Holmgren, 1910), and synonymy of N. dasyopsis Thorne, 1989 into N. nigriceps (Haldeman, 1854)
FIGURE 5. Nasutitermes corniger soldier from Grenada (GR223). Habitus (A); lateral view of pronotum (B); tergites (C); and dorsal, lateral, and ventral views of head capsule (D, E, and F, respectively).
FIGURE 1 in Expanded range of Nasutitermes callimorphus Mathews, 1977 (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae), comparison with N. corniger (Motschulsky, 1855) and N. ephratae (Holmgren, 1910), and synonymy of N. dasyopsis Thorne, 1989 into N. nigriceps (Haldeman, 1854)
FIGURE 1. Nasutitermes callimorphus from Guadeloupe (GU499). Imago head (dorsal A, lateral B) and major worker head (dorsal C, lateral D).
FIGURE 2 in Expanded range of Nasutitermes callimorphus Mathews, 1977 (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae), comparison with N. corniger (Motschulsky, 1855) and N. ephratae (Holmgren, 1910), and synonymy of N. dasyopsis Thorne, 1989 into N. nigriceps (Haldeman, 1854)
FIGURE 2. Nasutitermes callimorphus soldier from Peru (PU361). Habitus (A); lateral view of pronotum (B); tergites (C); and dorsal, lateral, and ventral views of head capsule (D, E, and F, respectively).
FIGURE 12 in Expanded range of Nasutitermes callimorphus Mathews, 1977 (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae), comparison with N. corniger (Motschulsky, 1855) and N. ephratae (Holmgren, 1910), and synonymy of N. dasyopsis Thorne, 1989 into N. nigriceps (Haldeman, 1854)
FIGURE 12. Maximum likelihood tree of the COII mtDNA gene subjected to sequencing, -ln L = 9946.57113. Bootstrap values ≥ 50% from PhyML analyses are shown. Thickened branches indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities ≥ 75%. Bootstrap values ≥ 50% from PhyML analyses are shown.
FIGURE 13 in Expanded range of Nasutitermes callimorphus Mathews, 1977 (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae), comparison with N. corniger (Motschulsky, 1855) and N. ephratae (Holmgren, 1910), and synonymy of N. dasyopsis Thorne, 1989 into N. nigriceps (Haldeman, 1854)
FIGURE 13. Distribution of Nasutitermes spp. from the University of Florida Termite Collection (red dots). A, N. callimorphus (blue dots from literature); B, N. corniger; C, N. ephratae; and D, N. nigriceps (orange dots N. daysiopsis syn. nov. presumed localities).
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