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24 results for “Nectariniidae”
FIGURE 7 in A new member of the greater double-collared sunbird complex (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Africa
FIGURE 7. Typical habitat of Cinnyris whytei skye as seen on the western edge of Kisinga-Rugaro Forest in the Udzungwa Highlands. Photo by Michael Køre Poulsen.
FIGURE 4 in A new member of the greater double-collared sunbird complex (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Africa
FIGURE 4. Depiction of male Cinnyris whytei whytei on the left, and male and female of the new taxon on the right. Males of the new taxon have longer tarsi than male whytei, a broader blue pectoral band, and narrow blue feather-tips produce a scaly effect on much of the scarlet pectoral band. The underparts of males of the new taxon appear more uniform dark greyish, with less buffish tinge on the belly than in whytei. The feather tips of the belly, vent and under wing-coverts are washed pale yellow in adult females of the new taxon, and overall the females are less olivaceous-tinged than those of whytei. Painting by J. Fjeldså.
Ecological, genetic and geographical divergence explain differences in sunbird (Nectariniidae) colouration
<p>Bird plumages are among the most elaborate ornaments, displaying almost all colours of the rainbow. Why and how birds are so colourful remains an open question with multiple and sometimes competing hypotheses. Different colours in different patches might have different functions and thus result from different forms of selection (e.g., natural vs. sexual selection). Here we test three hypotheses that might explain colour differences: (1) species isolation, (2) light environment, and (3) Brownian motion. We show that both natural and sexual selection affect the evolution of sunbird colouration, but that their extent and direction differs between sexes, by species interactions, and for different patches across the body. Even though overlap in the light environment explains part of colour differences in species, no colour metric (brightness and chroma) correlates to the light environment. It is likely that these results, where multiple forms of selection influence colouration in different ways, are more general across birds, highlighting the need to investigate bird colouration as a network of individual but inter-connected colour patches.</p>
Ecological, genetic and geographical divergence explain differences in sunbird (Nectariniidae) colouration
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Data from: Genomic data resolves gene tree discordance in spiderhunters (Nectariniidae, Arachnothera)
Reduced representation genomic sequencing methods efficiently gather sequence data from thousands of loci throughout the genome. These data can be used to test previous phylogenetic hypotheses produced from limited numbers of mitochondrial and nuclear loci that often reveal intriguing, but conflicting results. In this paper, we use phylogenomic data to revisit recent molecular phylogenetic work that clarified many taxonomic relationships within spiderhunters, but also questioned monophyly of this distinctive genus of sunbirds (AVES: Nectariniidae; Arachnothera). DNA sequence data were produced by target-capture sequencing of ultraconserved elements (UCEs) to infer the evolutionary history of 11 species of Arachnothera and six outgroups, including the Purple-naped Sunbird (Hypogramma hypogrammicum), which previous work suggested might lie within Arachnothera. Although we recovered many different gene tree topologies, concatenated and coalescent methods of analysis converged on a species tree that strongly supports the monophyly of Arachnothera, with Hypogramma as its sister taxon.
FIGURE 2 in A new member of the greater double-collared sunbird complex (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Africa
FIGURE 2. Maximum likelihood (ML) topology of relationships among members of the African assemblage of doublecollared sunbirds: ML bootstrap support values are above nodes, and parsimony support values are below nodes.
FIGURE 6. STRUCTURE Plots for K in A new member of the greater double-collared sunbird complex (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Africa
FIGURE 6. STRUCTURE Plots for K = 2, light grey—whytei, dark grey—the new taxon: top, analysis of nine microsatellite loci; bottom, analysis of seven microsatellite loci.
FIGURE 1 in A new member of the greater double-collared sunbird complex (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Africa
FIGURE 1. Satellite image with forest shaded dark reddish-brown depicting the Rubeho and Udzungwa Highlands of the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania.
FIGURE 3 in A new member of the greater double-collared sunbird complex (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Africa
FIGURE 3. Drawing of the exact scaling pattern on the breast of three male specimens of the new taxon. The violet-blue colouration is indicated in black, and the scarlet portion of the central breast-band is stippled. Drawing by J. Fjeldså.
FIGURE 4 in A new member of the greater double-collared sunbird complex (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Africa
FIGURE 4. Depiction of male Cinnyris whytei whytei on the left, and male and female of the new taxon on the right. Males of the new taxon have longer tarsi than male whytei, a broader blue pectoral band, and narrow blue feather-tips produce a scaly effect on much of the scarlet pectoral band. The underparts of males of the new taxon appear more uniform dark greyish, with less buffish tinge on the belly than in whytei. The feather tips of the belly, vent and under wing-coverts are washed pale yellow in adult females of the new taxon, and overall the females are less olivaceous-tinged than those of whytei. Painting by J. Fjeldså.
FIGURE 7 in A new member of the greater double-collared sunbird complex (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains of Africa
FIGURE 7. Typical habitat of Cinnyris whytei skye as seen on the western edge of Kisinga-Rugaro Forest in the Udzungwa Highlands. Photo by Michael Køre Poulsen.
FIGURE 1 in Neoaulonastus sidorchukae, a new species of quill mites (Acariformes Syringophilidae) associated with the purple-rumped sunbird Leptocoma zeylonica (Linnaeus) (Passeriformes: Nectariniidae) from Sri Lanka
FIGURE 1. Neoaulonastus sidorchukae sp. nov. Female. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, peritremes; D, fan-like seta p'III. Scale bars: A, B = 50 μm, C, D = 20 μm.
Figure 4. A in Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)
Figure 4. A, geographic distribution of Leptocoma aspasia haplotypes in Wallacea and the Sahul Shelf. Each circle represents an island and the fractions within the circle the haplotypes found on that island, proportioned to represent the frequency of each haplotype. The haplotypes are named according to the species-level divisions suggested by ABGD and coloured to represent the clades supported by our phylogenetic analyses. B, TCS haplotype network of Leptocoma haplotypes. Each circle represents a unique ND2–ND3 haplotype, sized to represent how many birds carried that haplotype. The hatch marks represent mutations between haplotypes, also given as numbers in brackets for the wider divergences. The unfilled, white nodes represent hypothetical ancestral states. C, Bayesian consensus tree of Leptocoma haplotypes. Nodes are labelled with Bayesian probabilities.
Figure 1. A in Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)
Figure 1. A, map of the Indo-Pacific region with study regions marked inside boxes. The range of the olive-backed sunbird is shaded horizontally in yellow, the range of the black sunbird vertically in purple, both according to BirdLife International. Seas deeper than 200 m are represented by a darker blue. Biogeographic barriers (Wallace, 1863; Lydekker, 1896) are represented with red lines. B, map of south-east Sulawesi and the Wakatobi Islands in Wallacea, with olive-backed sunbird sampling sites marked with yellow downward-pointing triangles, black sunbird sampling sites with purple upward-pointing triangles. C, map of Australia and New Guinea on the Sahul Shelf, with olive-backed sunbird sampling sites marked with yellow downward-pointing triangles, black sunbird sampling sites with purple upward-pointing triangles. D, map of the Bismarck Archipelago with the sampling site of the B10K black sunbird marked with a purple triangle.
Figure 2 in Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)
Figure 2. Simplified version of a combined maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian phylogenetic tree of Cinnyris and Leptocoma species sampled in Wallacea and the Sahul Shelf. In this figure, the outgroup is omitted and each major clade in the data is collapsed into a single branch. Tips representing focal populations are marked with coloured circles. Nodes are labelled with Bayesian probability/ ML bootstraps. Full versions of the ML and Bayesian trees, including all outgroup taxa, are provided in the Supporting Information (Figs S7, S8).
Figure 3. A in Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)
Figure 3. A, geographic distribution of Cinnyris jugularis (sensu Gill et al., 2022) haplotypes in Wallacea and the Sahul Shelf. Each circle represents an island and the fractions within the circle the haplotypes found on that island, proportioned to represent the frequency of each haplotype. The haplotypes are named according to the species-level divisions suggested by ABGD and coloured to represent the clades supported by our phylogenetic analyses. B, TCS haplotype network of Cinnyris haplotypes. Each circle represents a unique ND2–ND3 haplotype, sized to represent how many birds carried that haplotype. The hatch marks represent mutations between haplotypes, also given as numbers in brackets for the wider divergences. The unfilled, white nodes represent hypothetical ancestral states. C, Bayesian consensus tree of Cinnyris haplotypes. Nodes are labelled with Bayesian probabilities.
Figure 5. A in Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)
Figure 5. A, map of the Indo-Pacific with the range of the olive-backed sunbird shaded, as currently recognized by BirdLife International. Sampling sites of the birds included in our 697 bp partial ND2 analysis are marked with different triangles, according to the species they were assigned to by ABGD. Currently recognized subspecies are labelled (Gill et al., 2022). B, mean genetic distance (uncorrected p-distance) between each of the species recognized by ABGD, based on a 697 bp partial ND2 alignment. C, simplified version of a combined maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian phylogenetic tree of 697 bp of olive-backed sunbird ND2. In this figure the outgroup is omitted and each of the ABGD species is collapsed into a single branch. Nodes are labelled with Bayesian probability/ ML bootstraps.
Data from: Genomic data resolves gene tree discordance in spiderhunters (Nectariniidae, Arachnothera)
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Data from: Evolution of multiple colour mechanisms enhances opportunities for diversification in sunbirds (Nectariniidae)
<p>How and why certain groups become speciose is a key question in evolutionary biology. Novel traits that enable diversification by opening new ecological niches are likely important mechanisms. However, ornamental traits can also promote diversification by opening up novel sensory niches and thereby creating novel inter-specific interactions. More specifically, ornamental colours may enable more precise and/or easier species recognition, and may act as key innovations by increasing the number of species-specific patterns and promoting diversification. While the influence of colouration on diversification is well-studied, the influence of the mechanisms that produce those colours (e.g. pigmentary, nanostructural) is less so, even though the ontogeny and evolution of these mechanisms differ. We estimated a new phylogenetic tree for 121 sunbird species and combined colour data of 106 species with a range of phylogenetic tools to test the hypothesis that the evolution of novel colour mechanisms increases diversification in sunbirds, one of the most colourful bird clades. Results suggest that (1) the evolution of novel colour mechanisms expands the visual sensory niche, increasing the number of achievable colours. (2) Structural colouration diverges more readily across the body than pigment-based colouration, enabling an increase in colour complexity. (3) Novel colour mechanisms might minimize trade-offs between natural and sexual selection such that colour can function both as camouflage and conspicuous signal. (4) Despite structural colours being more colorful and mobile, only melanin-based colouration is positively correlated with net diversification. Together, these findings explain why colour distances increase with increasing number of sympatric species, even though packing of colour space would predict otherwise.</p>
Figure 3 from: Cristina C, Gabriel C, Khlur M, Costică A (2014) A new species of pterodectine feather mites (Acarina, Analgoidea, Proctophyllodidae) from the Little Spiderhunter Arachnothera longirostra (Passeriformes, Nectariniidae) in Meghalaya, India. ZooKeys 425: 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.425.7587
Figure 3 - Pedanodectes angustilobus sp. n., details: A–D legs I–IV of male, respectively, dorsal view.
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