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445 results for “Neotropical diversity”
Ant Functional Diversity in Temperate Zone Forests: A Comparison with Neotropical Ants 2010
Predicted impacts of climatic change on ant functional diversity and distributions in eastern North American forests Aims--Climatic change is expected to rearrange species assemblages and ultimately affect organism-mediated ecosystem processes. We focus on identifying patterns and relationships between common ant species (representing 99% of total ant records) richness and functional diversity; modelling how these patterns may change at local and regional scales in future climatic conditions; and interpreting how these changes might influence ant-mediated ecosystem processes. Location--Forested ecosystems of eastern North America. Methods--We used a previously published dataset to evaluate functional diversity at 67 sites in the eastern U.S. and quantified 14 taxonomic, morphometric and natural history traits for 70 common ant species in the region. We used functional diversity metrics, functional groups and species distribution modelling methods to address our aims. We used stacked species distribution models and stacked functional group models to predict species assemblages and functional richness at the 67 sites and at a regional scale for current and future climatic conditions. Results--Species richness and functional diversity are positively correlated throughout the region. Under future climate scenarios, species richness and functional group richness were predicted to decrease in southern ecoregions and increase in northern ecoregions. This may be due to increased thermal stress for species in the southern extent of their ranges and increased habitat suitability in the northern ecoregions. Decomposers, arthropod community regulators and seed dispersers are forecast to be the most threatened ant functional groups. Main Conclusions--Climate change will likely lead to major changes in ant species richness and functional group richness in the forests of the north-eastern United States, and this may substantially alter ant-mediated ecosystem processes and services
Fig. 3 in Genetic diversity and population structure of Brycon nattereri (Characiformes: Bryconidae): a Neotropical fish under threat of extinction
Fig. 3. Haplotype network based on partial sequencing of the D-loop region (mtDNA) of 92 individuals of Brycon nattereri from the Laranjinha River. Circle sizes are pro- portional to haplotype frequency.
FIG. 2. — Veredatrypa rosai n. gen., n in New Brazilian Tafaliscina increase the diversity of this Neotropical cricket clade (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Gryllidae: Oecanthinae: Paroecanthini)
FIG. 2. — Veredatrypa rosai n. gen., n. sp. male: A, dorsal habitus; B, lateral habitus; C, frontal head; D, right FW, dorsal field; E, metanotum, dorsal; F, supra anal plate; G, subgenital plate; H, hind tibia, inner face; I, hind tibia, outer face. Female: J, dorsal habitus; K, supra anal plate and ovipositor, dorsal; L, subgenital plate and ovipositor, ventral. Scale bars: A, B, K, 2 mm; C-J, L, M, 1 mm.
FIG. 8. — Veredatrypa fusca n. gen., n in New Brazilian Tafaliscina increase the diversity of this Neotropical cricket clade (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Gryllidae: Oecanthinae: Paroecanthini)
FIG. 8. — Veredatrypa fusca n. gen., n. sp. male: A, dorsal habitus; B, lateral habitus; C, frontal head; D, right FW, dorsal field; E, metanotum, dorsal; F, supra anal plate; G, subgenital plate. Female: H, dorsal habitus; I, supra anal plate and ovipositor, dorsal; J, subgenital plate and ovipositor, ventral. Scale bars: A, B, H, 2 mm; C-G, I, J, 1 mm.
Phylogenomics indicates Amazonia as the major source of Neotropical swarm-founding social wasp diversity
The Neotropical realm harbors unparalleled species richness and hence has challenged biologists to explain the cause of its high biotic diversity. Empirical studies to shed light on the processes underlying biological diversification in the Neotropics are focused mainly on vertebrates and plants, with little attention to the hyperdiverse insect fauna. Here, we use phylogenomic data from ultraconserved element (UCE) loci to reconstruct for the first time the evolutionary history of Neotropical swarm-founding social wasps (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Epiponini). Using maximum likelihood, Bayesian, and species tree approaches we recovered a highly resolved phylogeny for epiponine wasps. Additionally, we estimated divergence dates, diversification rates, and the biogeographic history for these insects in order to test whether the group followed a "museum" (speciation events occurred gradually over many millions of years) or "cradle" (lineages evolved rapidly over a short time period) model of diversification. The origin of many genera and all sampled extant Epiponini species occurred during the Miocene and Plio-Pleistocene. Moreover, we detected no major shifts in the estimated diversification rate during the evolutionary history of Epiponini, suggesting a relatively gradual accumulation of lineages with low extinction rates. Several lines of evidence suggest that the Amazonian region played a major role in the evolution of Epiponini wasps. This spatio-temporal diversification pattern, most likely concurrent with climatic and landscape changes in the Neotropics during the Miocene and Pliocene, establishes the Amazonian region as the major source of Neotropical swarm-founding social wasp diversity.
FIGURE 4 in Drastic reduction of the functional diversity of native ichthyofauna in a Neotropical lake following invasion by piscivorous fishes
FIGURE 4 | Temporal changes in species richness (dashed lines) and functional richness (FRic; continous lines) of the ichthyofauna from Carioca Lake, Middle Rio Doce basin, state of Minas Gerais, considering two scenarios: "all species", including native and non-native; and "only native species" (left figures). Plotted values expressed as a proportion to the maximum richness. The arrows represent the first records of the introduced piscivorous Cichla kelberi (in 1985) and Pygocentrus nattereri (in 1992) in the system. The upper plots represent the functional space (only two dimensions for simplify visualization), with polygons indicating the proportion filled by the set of species (FRic) in each year. Right figures illustrate the functional space showing the position of each species. Green and blue colors indicate, respectively, the native and introduced species, and crosses indicate native species extirpated from the lake. Codes at the ends of the arrows are the most important ecomorphological traits for each axis of the PCA (for functional trait and species codes, see Tab. 1 and Tab. S2).
FIGURE 3 in Drastic reduction of the functional diversity of native ichthyofauna in a Neotropical lake following invasion by piscivorous fishes
FIGURE 3 | Compositional change of the ichthyofauna from Carioca Lake, Middle Rio Doce basin state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil. Green and blue squares indicate, respectively, the presence of native and introduced species in each year.
FIGURE 1 in Drastic reduction of the functional diversity of native ichthyofauna in a Neotropical lake following invasion by piscivorous fishes
FIGURE 1 | The lacustrine system of the Middle Rio Doce basin, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The green polygon delimits the area of the Rio Doce State Park (PERD) and the white circle indicates the location of Carioca Lake.
FIGURE 2 in Drastic reduction of the functional diversity of native ichthyofauna in a Neotropical lake following invasion by piscivorous fishes
FIGURE 2 | Morphometric measures taken from digital pictures: CPd – caudal-peduncle minimal depth, CFd – caudal-fin maximum depth, CFs – caudal-fin surface, PFi – distance from pectoral-fin insertion to the bottom of the body, PFb – body depth at the level of the pectoral-fin insertion, PFl – pectoral-fin length, PFs – pectoral-fin surface, Hd – head depth along the vertical axis of the eye, Ed – eye diameter, Eh – distance from the center of the eye to the bottom of the head, Mo – distance from the tip of the upper jaw to the bottom of the head along the head depth axis. Adapted from Leitão et al. (2016).
FIGURE 5 in Genetic diversity and aquaculture conservation for a threatened Neotropical catfish
FIGURE 5 | Candidates breeding pairs in the three hatcheries, Bebedouro (BEB), Paulo Afonso (PA) and Itiúba (IT), assessed by Coancestry (Lynch & Li estimator).
FIGURE 3 in Genetic diversity and aquaculture conservation for a threatened Neotropical catfish
FIGURE 3 | Scatterplot of the Discriminant Analysis of Principal Components (DAPC) of Lophiosilurus alexandri genotypes from captive broodstocks (Bebedouro, Paulo Afonso, and Itiúba (clusters 1, 3, and 5) and wild samples taken from two stretches of the São Francisco River (upper (cluster 2) and submiddle (cluster 4). Clusters are shown by different colors and inertia ellipses, while dots represent individuals. Eigenvalues of the analysis are displayed in inset.
FIGURE 4 in Genetic diversity and aquaculture conservation for a threatened Neotropical catfish
FIGURE 4 | Relatedness estimators Wang (RW) and Lynch & Li (RLL) calculated for A. the three full-sib families (■ FS1, ■ FS2 and ■ FS3) and B. for the wild samples (■ upper and ■ submiddle São Francisco River stretches) of Lophiosilurus alexandri.
FIGURE 2 in Genetic diversity and aquaculture conservation for a threatened Neotropical catfish
FIGURE 2 | Attributions of Lophiosilurus alexandri genotypes from A. captive broodstocks (Bebedouro, Paulo Afonso, and Itiúba) and wild samples taken from two stretches of the São Francisco River (upper and submiddle) and B. only for the wild samples. Each vertical bar represents a different individual and the length is proportional to the inferred group, cluster 1 (red) and cluster 2 (green). Respective estimated K value through log-likelihood. Y axis for delta (K) values and X axis for different K values tested.
FIGURE 1 in Genetic diversity and aquaculture conservation for a threatened Neotropical catfish
FIGURE 1 | Map showing the São Francisco River Basin with locations of the three restocking hatcheries () of Lophiosilurus alexandri and an experimental laboratory (LAQUA). The wild samples taken in the upper and submiddle stretches are denoted by.
Fig. 3 in Aggregation and negative interactions in low-diversity and unsaturated monogenean (Platyhelminthes) communities in Astyanax aeneus (Teleostei) populations in a neotropical river of Mexico
Fig. 3. Relationship between component community monogenean species richness and mean infracommunity species richness; A) total samples; B) samples of February; C) samples of August.
Fig. 1 in Aggregation and negative interactions in low-diversity and unsaturated monogenean (Platyhelminthes) communities in Astyanax aeneus (Teleostei) populations in a neotropical river of Mexico
Fig. 1. Eleven sample locations situated on the opening of streams tributaries to the main Rio Lacantún in the Biosphere Reserve Montes Azules (RBMA), Chiapas, México: (1) Río Tzendales (16̊17′ 10.8″ N; 90̊53′12.6″ W), (2) Río Manzanares (16̊10′14.6″ N; 90̊50′36.2″ W), (3) Arroyo Miranda (16̊08′08.1″ N; 90̊55′14.9″ W), (4) Río Danta (16̊09′08.1″ N; 90̊54′06.3″ W), (5) Arroyo Lagarto (16̊08′14.0″ N; 90̊54′24.4″ W), (6) Embarcadero Estación Chajul (16̊06′38.4″ N; 90̊56′ 23.6″ W), (7) Arroyo José (16̊06′50″ N; 90̊56′03.3″ W), (8) Río Chajul (16̊05′58.2″ N; 90̊57′30.1″ W), (9) Río San Pablo (16̊06′ 10.0″ N; 91̊00′52.2″ W), (10) Río Puerto Rico (16̊05′04.4″ N; 91̊01′11.2″ W), (11) Río Ixcan (16̊07′17.5″ N; 91̊05′11.3″ W).
Fig. 17 in Extant diversity and estimated number of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) species yet to be discovered in the Neotropical region
Fig. 17. Lineage-Through-Time (LTT) plot of Neotropical Gracillariidae. LTT was plotted using 1000 trees from the COI dataset analyses. The number of lineages (y axis) is plotted against time (x axis) in such way that each increase on the number of lineages represents a cladogenesis (a node) in one of the 1000 phylogenetic trees. 2. Dashed red and blue lines represent 95%-confidence intervals for time of starting diversification and LLT plot, respectively.
Fig. 16 in Extant diversity and estimated number of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) species yet to be discovered in the Neotropical region
Fig. 16. Predictive future cumulative species description curve for the Gracillariidae in the Neotropical region, based on the Logistic model.
Fig. 14 in Extant diversity and estimated number of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) species yet to be discovered in the Neotropical region
Fig. 14. Variation in number of articles regarding original descriptions on Neotropical gracillariids that were based on adults but that included also data either on gross morphology of immature stages or DNA sequences.
Fig. 13 in Extant diversity and estimated number of Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) species yet to be discovered in the Neotropical region
Fig. 13. Variation in number of type specimens available among museum collections for Neotropical gracillarids. Numbers above bars represent percentages in relation to total number of species (n = 175). See Tab S3 for description of museum acronyms.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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