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Fig. 2 in Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species

Fig. 2. Nepenthes kitanglad sp. nov. A. Habit, climbing stem with upper pitcher (from herbarium specimen). B. Upper pitcher (from live plant). C. Lower pitcher. D. Indumentum from leaf margin. E. Indumentum from tendril. F. Indumentum from stem (extremely sparse hairs). G. Indumentum of outer pitcher surface, plan view. H. Ibid., profile view. I. Lower surface of lid (upper pitcher). J. Detail of glands from lower surface of lid. K. Spur of upper pitcher. L. Peristome, upper pitcher, view from above. M. Peristome, view from inside of pitcher, showing minute teeth. N. Peristome, transverse section (outer surface on right). A, D–N from Gaerlan et al. in PPI 3274 (BISH); B from McPherson (2009: Fig 417); C from Gaerlan et al. in PPI 3274 (BRIT). Scale bars: double = 1 cm; double graduated = 5 cm; single = 1 mm; single graduated = 2 mm. All drawn by Andrew Brown.

Fig. 1 in Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species

Fig. 1. Nepenthes kurata sp. nov. A. Habit, climbing stem with upper pitcher. B. Indumentum of midrib, lower surface of leaf-blade. C. Indumentum of tendril. D. Indumentum of outer pitcher surface. E. Lid, lower surface, showing nectar gland distribution on right (upper pitcher). F–G. Profiles of basal lid ridges, without appendage (F), with appendage weakly developed (G), and moderately developed (H). I Spur of intermediate pitcher. J. Longitudinally elliptic nectar glands of lid midline. K. Orbicular nectar glands of lid, outside the midline. L. Peristome from above, short teeth and holes discernible. M. Peristome viewed from inside pitcher. N. Peristome transverse section, outer surface to right. A–E, J & K from Gaerlan et al. PPI 10911; F–I, L–N from Mearns & Hutchinson 4632. Scale bars: single = 1 mm; graduated single = 2 mm; double = 1 cm; graduated double = 5 cm. All drawn by Andrew Brown.

Fig. 4 in Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species

Fig. 4. Nepenthes leyte sp. nov. A. Habit, climbing stem with upper pitchers. B. Stem section showing axillary hair patch and supra-axillary bud. C. Lower surface of leaf-blade, with sessile glands. D. Midrib of leaf-blade, lower surface, stellate to simple hairs. E. Midrib of leaf-blade, upper surface with stellate hairs. F. Upper lid of pitcher, upper surface. G. Indumentum of upper surface of lid, over nerve. H. As G but distant from nerve. I. Spur of upper pitcher and junction of lid with peristome (inverted). J. Lid of upper pitcher, lower surface. K. Detail of J showing large nectar glands. L. Detail of J showing midline ridge with appendage and type (1) nectar glands. M. Indumentum of outer pitcher surface. N. Peristome of upper pitcher viewed from above. O. Peristome viewed from inside pitcher. P. Peristome dissected to expose the inner edge, with teeth. Q. Peristome, transverse section (outer surface on right). All drawn from Argent et al. 99214 by Andrew Brown.

Fig. 3 in Recircumscription of the Nepenthes alata group (Caryophyllales: Nepenthaceae), in the Philippines, with four new species

Fig. 3. Nepenthes extincta sp. nov. A. Habit, showing intermediate pitcher. B. Indumentum, lower surface of blade (midrib on left). C. Branched bristle hairs (detail from lower surface of blade). D. Stellate hairs and sessile glands (detail from lower surface of blade). E. Branched erect hairs (detail from lower surface of blade). F. Stellate hairs, with appressed arms, leaf-blade lower surface, near midrib. G. Upper part of intermediate pitcher, lid posture as in life. H. Lower surface of upper pitcher lid. I. Basal lid appendage and spur. J. Basal lid appendage and ridge, side view. K-M. Details of nectar glands, lower lid surface. N. Indumentum, outer surface of pitcher. O. Peristome, view from inside pitcher showing minute teeth and holes at edge. P. Peristome, view from above. Q. Transverse section of peristome (outer surface on right). A–F & H–Q from Konta 12365, G from sketch by M. Cheek. Scale bars: double, graduated = 5 cm; single = 1 mm; single graduated = 2 or 3 mm as indicated. All drawn by Andrew Brown.

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Data from: Pitcher geometry facilitates extrinsically powered 'springboard trapping' in carnivorous Nepenthes gracilis pitcher plants

<div> Carnivorous pitcher plants capture insects in cup-shaped leaves that function as motionless pitfall traps. Nepenthes gracilis, evolved a unique 'springboard' trapping mechanism that exploits the impact energy of falling raindrops to actuate a fast pivoting motion of the canopy-like pitcher lid. We superimposed multiple computerized micro-tomography images of the same pitcher to reveal distinct deformation patterns in lid-trapping N. gracilis and closely related pitfall-trapping N. rafflesiana. We found prominent differences between downward and upward lid displacement in N. gracilis only. Downward displacement was characterised by bending in two distinct deformation zones while upward displacement was accomplished by evenly distributed straightening of the entire upper rear section of the pitcher. This suggests an anisotropic impact response, which may help to maximize initial jerk forces for prey capture, as well as the subsequent damping of the oscillation. Our results point to a key role of pitcher geometry for effective 'springboard' trapping in N. gracilis. </div>

Fig. 7 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore

Fig. 7. Box and whisker (a, d) and scatter (b, c) plots showing the relationships between the inquiline species richness of individual pitchers and pitcher type (a), pitcher size (b), canopy cover (c), and location (within or outside of the CCNR; d). The plots show that inquiline species richness was higher in lower than upper pitchers (a), and pitcher size (b) and canopy cover (c) had weak positive effects on inquiline species richness, but there was no significant difference in inquiline species richness between pitchers outside of and within the Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR) (d). In (a) and (d), boxes represent interquartile ranges, whiskers represent maxima and minima, and points represent outliers. In (b) and (c), points (green = lower, beige = upper pitchers) represent the species richness of individual pitchers, and lines represent the model predictions of the second (b; ΔAICc = 1.94) and third (c; ΔAICc = 1.99) best models for lower (green) and upper (beige) pitchers.

Fig. 11 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore

Fig. 11. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs exemplifying morphological differences in the chelicerae of Nepenthes histiostomatid mites: (a) Creutzeria sp., (b) Zwickia sp., (c) Nepenthacarus sp. Scale bar = 10 micrometres. (Photographs by: Norman J. Fashing).

Fig. 3 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore

Fig. 3. Two-dimensional NMDS plot of the plant communities co-occurring with Nepenthes rafflesiana in plots located within (brown points) and outside (pink points) of the CCNR (a), and box and whisker plot comparing the log-transformed floristic species richness of these locations (b). Plant communities differed significantly in composition (a; pseudo-F1,11 = 3.80, p-value <0.001) and species richness (b; T11 = 4.74, p-value = 0.001). Each point in the NMDS plot (a) represents the plant communities of a single plot. Colours are translucent, so that overlapping points may be distinguished. Points which are located closer to each other in the NMDS plot share more similar plant communities. Texts represent plant species centroids, with font sizes proportional to the number of plots in which each was found (species which were found in two or less plots are not displayed). A species is more likely to occur in a plot if the plot's point is located close to the species' centroid. Bold lines in the box and whisker plot represent median log-transformed species richness, boxes represent interquartile ranges, whiskers represent maxima/minima and points represent outliers.

Fig. 6 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore

Fig. 6. Box and whisker plots show that inquiline taxa were found in different abundances across the different forest types, with several species being confined to the old secondary forests within the Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR). Bold horizontal lines represent median log-transformed number of each inquiline taxon in pitchers from each forest type (denoted by colours); boxes represent interquartile range; whiskers represent maximum values. Taxon names are abbreviated as done in the previous figure; rare inquiline taxa which were present in only one sample are not displayed.

Fig. 2 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore

Fig. 2. Habitat types in which Nepenthes rafflesiana plants were found in this study: (a) coastal cliffs; (b) adinandra belukar; (c) old secondary forests (in this case, a tree fall gap within an old secondary forest). Nepenthes rafflesiana plants are indicated by an arrow in panels a and c. Coastal cliffs (a) and adinandra belukar (b) type habitats were mainly found outside the Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR), while old secondary forests type habitats were only found within the CCNR. Despite their different locations, plant communities in which N. rafflesiana were found in coastal cliff habitats (a) and typical adinandra belukar habitats (b) were compositionally highly similar and may both be classified as adinandra belukar type plant communities. (Photographs by: Lam Weng Ngai).

Fig. 1 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore

Fig. 1. Nepenthes rafflesiana lower (a) and upper (b) pitchers in situ; location of the Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR) in Singapore (c). Data sources for (c): Singapore Public Data (https://data.gov.sg); Global Administrative Areas Database version 3.6 (https:// gadm.org/data.html). (Photographs by: Lam Weng Ngai).

Fig. 5 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore

Fig. 5. Sample-size- (a) and coverage-based (b) rarefaction curves of inquiline species richness from pitchers collected outside of (pink lines) and within (brown lines) the Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR). Lines represent the interpolated (continuous) and extrapolated (dashed) species richness of each forest type, as a function of the number of individuals sampled within it (a) and the estimated sample coverage (b); shaded regions represent the 95% confidence intervals of these estimates; points represent the observed species richness (these are omitted from panel b to prevent the obscuring of other details in the figure).

Fig. 4 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore

Fig. 4. Two-dimensional NMDS plot of the pitcher inquiline communities of the sampled Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers. Each point represents an inquiline community from an individual pitcher, with its colour denoting the location in which it was found (within [brown] or outside [pink] the Central Catchment Nature Reserve [CCNR]), and its shape denoting its pitcher type (triangles denote upper, and circles, lower, pitchers). Texts represent inquiline species centroids, with font sizes proportional to the number of pitchers in which each was found. A species is more likely to occur in a pitcher if the pitcher's point is located close to the species' centroid. Taxon name abbreviations: Dasy = Dasyhelea spp.; Phor = Phoridae; Ar.giv = Armigeres giveni; Ar.kuc = Ar. cf. kuchingensis; Cx.bre = Culex brevipalpus complex; Cx.cur = Cx. curtipalpis; Tp.tnx = Tripteroides tenax; Lest = Lestodiplosis sp.; Nsyr = Nepenthosyrphus sp. raff; Creu = Creutzeria spp.; M2.sp1 = Histiostomatidae genus 1 sp. 1; Naca = Nepenthacarus spp.; Zwic = Zwickia spp.; Nema = nematodes.

Fig. 9 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore

Fig. 9. Habitus of Armigeres giveni fourth instar larva (a); Ar. giveni female adult (b); Ar. cf. kuchingensis fourth instar larva (c); Ar. cf. kuchingensis male adult (d). Scale bars represent 1 mm. (Photographs by: Yeo Huiqing).

Fig. 10 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore

Fig. 10. Illustrations of mite genera inhabiting Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in Singapore: (a) Undescribed genus (male dorsum), (b) Creutzeria sp. (male venter), (c) Zwickia sp. (male dorsum), (d) Nepenthacarus sp. (male dorsum). Scale bars represent 150 micrometres. (Illustrations by: Norman J. Fashing).

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Data from: Pitcher geometry facilitates extrinsically powered ‘springboard trapping’ in carnivorous Nepenthes gracilis pitcher plants

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opencc-zeroOct 2019View details →

Data from: Sex is determined by XY chromosomes across the radiation of dioecious Nepenthes pitcher plants

Species with separate sexes (dioecy) are a minority among flowering plants, but dioecy has evolved multiple times independently in their history. The sex determination system and sex-linked genomic regions are currently identified in a limited number of dioecious plants only. Here, we study the sex-determination system in a genus of dioecious plants that lack heteromorphic sex chromosomes and are not amenable to controlled breeding: Nepenthes pitcher plants. We genotyped wild populations of flowering males and females of three Nepenthes taxa using ddRAD-seq, and sequenced a male inflorescence transcriptome. We developed a statistical tool (privacy rarefaction) to distinguish true sex-specificity from stochastic noise in read coverage of sequencing data from wild populations and identified male-specific loci and XY-patterned SNPs in all three Nepenthes taxa, suggesting the presence of homomorphic XY sex chromosomes. The male-specific region of the Y chromosome showed little conservation among the three taxa, except for the essential pollen development gene DYT1 which was confirmed as male-specific by PCR in additional Nepenthes taxa. Hence, dioecy and part of the male-specific region of the Nepenthes Y-chromosomes likely have a single evolutionary origin.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Data from: Subgenome dominance shapes novel gene evolution in the decaploid pitcher plant Nepenthes gracilis

Subgenome dominance after whole-genome duplication generates distinction in gene number and expression at the level of chromosome sets, but it remains unclear how this process may be involved in evolutionary novelty. Here, we generated a chromosome-scale genome assembly of the Asian pitcher plant Nepenthes gracilis to analyze how its novel traits (dioecy and carnivorous pitcher leaves) are linked to genomic evolution. We found a decaploidal karyotype with a complete set of syntenic chromosomes (2n=10x=80) yet with a clear indication of subgenome dominance and highly diploidized gene contents. The male-linked and pericentromerically located region on the putative sex chromosome was identified in a recessive subgenome and harbored three transcription factors involved in flower and pollen development, including a likely neofunctionalized LEAFY duplicate. Transcriptomic and syntenic analyses suggested that the paleopolyploidization events seeded genes that subsequently formed tandem clusters in recessive subgenomes with the specific expression in the digestive zone, where specialized cells digest prey and absorb derived nutrients. Novel gene evolution in recessive subgenomes is likely to be prevalent there because duplicates were enriched with Nepenthes-specific genes with tissue-specific expression, including those expressed in pitcher-specific tissues. Thus, subgenome dominance likely contributed to evolutionary novelty by allowing recessive subgenomes to serve as a preferred host of novel tissue-specific duplicates. Our results provide insight into how polyploids, which may frequently be evolutionary dead-ends, have given rise to novel traits in exceptionally thriving high-ploidy lineages.

publicJul 2025View details →

UV treatment of the digestive fluid of Nepenthes hemsleyana pitcher plants affects their digestive process, possibly via reducing microbial inquilines

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