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opencc-by-4.0Jan 2016View details →

Figs. 1-3 in Descripción de un caso teratológico en Oncopeltus (Erythrischius) miles (Blanchard, 1852) (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) con notas acerca de su distribución y biología.

Figs. 1-3.- Ejemplar teratológico de Oncopeltus miles. 1.- Antenas vista ventral. 2.- Detalle de antena malformada. 3.- Detalle del tercer antenómero de la antena malformada.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2020View details →

Figuras 1-2. 1 in Primer registro de Oncopeltus (Erythrischius) zonatus (Erichson) (Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea: Lygaeidae) en Chile

Figuras 1-2. 1. Oncopeltus zonatus, ejemplar de Arica (Chile), habitus. 2. Oncopeltus miles, detalle del pronoto. Escalas: 1 mm.

Figures 26-29 in New data on Oncopeltus (Erythrischius) unifasciatellus Slater, 1964 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) in Argentina and Brazil

Figures 26-29. Oncopeltus unifasciatellus on some species ofApocynaceae in Argentina. 26. Intermediate nymphs and an adult on the trunk of Mandevilla laxa, photograph by Claudia Gonzalez. 27-29. On Araujia sericifera. 27. Late instar nymphs and an adult, photograph by Alberto De Magistris. 28-29. Nymphs of various stages and adults on fruits. / Oncopeltus unifasciatellus sobre algunas especies de Apocynaceae en Argentina. 26. Ninfas intermedias y un adulto en el tronco de Mandevilla laxa, fotografía por Claudia Gonzalez. 27-29. Sobre Araujia sericifera. 27. Ninfas de estadio tardío y un adulto, fotografía por Alberto De Magistris. 28-29. Ninfas de varios estadios y adultos sobre frutos.

Figures 10-15 in New data on Oncopeltus (Erythrischius) unifasciatellus Slater, 1964 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) in Argentina and Brazil

Figures 10-15. Oncopeltus unifasciatellus on Gomphocarpus physocarpa in Brazil. 10-12. Adults. 10. On a leaf. 11-12. On fruits. 11. Feeding. 12. A couple in copula. 13. Young nymphs on a fruit. 14. An adult inside an open fruit. 15. Intermediate instar nymphs on a portion of an open fruit. / Oncopeltus unifasciatellus sobre Gomphocarpus physocarpa en Brasil. 10-12. Adultos. 10. Sobre una hoja. 11-12. Sobre frutas. 11. Alimentándose. 12. Pareja en cópula. 13. Ninfas jóvenes sobre una fruta. 14. Adulto dentro de un fruto abierto. 15. Ninfas de estadio intermedio en una porción de fruta abierta.

Figures 16-21 in New data on Oncopeltus (Erythrischius) unifasciatellus Slater, 1964 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) in Argentina and Brazil

Figures 16-21. Oncopeltus unifasciatellus on fruits of Gomphocarpus physocarpa in Brazil. 16-17. Groups of nymphs of intermediate instars. 18. Group of nymphs of intermediate and late instars. 19-20. Groups of nymphs of late instar. 19. Inside an open fruit. 21. Nymphs of late instar and an adult. / Oncopeltus unifasciatellus sobre frutos de Gomphocarpus physocarpa en Brasil. 16-17. Grupos de ninfas de estadios intermedios. 18. Grupo de ninfas de estadios intermedio y tardío. 19-20. Grupo de ninfas de estadio tardío. 19. Dentro de una fruta abierta. 21. Ninfas de estadio tardío y un adulto.

Figures 6-9 in New data on Oncopeltus (Erythrischius) unifasciatellus Slater, 1964 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) in Argentina and Brazil

Figures 6-9. Oncopeltus unifasciatellus on species of Apocynaceae in Argentina. 6. Group of nymphs of intermediate instars inside an open fruit of Oxypetalum balansae. 7-8. On flowers of Oxypetalum pannosum. 7. Adult. 8. Young nymphs. 9. Adult on Oxypetalum teyucuarense. / Oncopeltus unifasciatellus sobre especies de Apocynaceae en Argentina. 6. Grupo de ninfas de estadios intermedios dentro de un fruto abierto de Oxypetalum balansae. 7-8. Sobre flores de Oxypetalum pannosum. 7. Adulto. 8. Ninfas jóvenes. 9. Adulto sobre Oxypetalum teyucuarense.

Figure 19. Feeding Phidippus from southern Greenville County, South Carolina. 1, Penultimate female P in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)

Figure 19. Feeding Phidippus from southern Greenville County, South Carolina. 1, Penultimate female P. audax with two leafhoppers. This spider held one leafhopper as it jumped and captured the second. 2, Adult female P. audax fedding on a large brachyceran fly. 3, Adult female P. princeps feeding on spider. 4, Adult female P. princeps feeding on a captured bug after wiping it against the surface. Each scale bar = 1.0 mm.

Figure 20 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)

Figure 20. SEM of chemosensory setae (spondylae) associated with the pretarsus or foot of an adult male Phidippus audax from Iowa City, Iowa. 1-3, Ventral views of the distal end of right leg I at three levels of magnification. 2, A group of spondylae (inset) originates between the anterior and posterior plates of flattened tenent setae. 3, Detail showing the conical tip (arrows) at the end of three spondylae. These are surrounded by flattened tenent setae bearing, ventrally, regular rows of bifid filaments that adhere to a smooth surface. Each spondyla bears an open sensory pore at the apex of the cone.

Figure 4 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)

Figure 4. Two female Phidippus texanus (sisters) reared from the same brood sac found in Lea County, New Mexico, in August of 1978 (on mesquite 21 miles W of Jal on SR 128). Half of the females in this brood had the typical texanus form with cream to white scales on a black background (1), and the other half had a similar dorsal pattern with the coloration of the related P. ardens, with rust-red scales covering much of the dorsal opisthosoma. Edwards (2004) placed P. ardens and P. texanus in the borealis clade of the purpuratus group within Phidippus, but kept the species separate in part because of their parapatric ranges. However, he did report both species from Lea County, New Mexico where this brood sac was found, and both live on mesquite. These are very large Phidippus, with females averaging 13-15 mm in body length.

Figure 3 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)

Figure 3. Two views of an adult female Phidippus princeps captured in an old field in Ithaca, Tompkins County, New York (1978). In this area female P. princeps were tan in color, often with abundant white or cream-colored facial scales as shown here. At least as juveniles, they build their nests and hunt on herbaceous plants in old field habitats. They are common in eastern North America, from Minnesota southeast to northwestern South Carolina and northern Georgia. Further to the southeast, they are replaced by the closely related P. pulcherrimus Keyserling 1885, also an inhabitant of old fields (Edwards 2004). Note the distinctive 'hair' tufts on the carapace, a characteristic of most Phidippus jumping spiders.

Figure 2 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)

Figure 2. Two adult female Phidippus audax captured in an old field in Ithaca, Tompkins County, New York (1978). Many local varieties of P. audax do not have the broad lateral band of opisthosomal scales shown here. P. audax appears to be a generalist with respect to habitat and it is widely distributed across much of North America, with many recent sightings in the far west. It can frequently be found living on herbaceous plants in old fields, but I have also found it near water, woodland margins, on trees, on fence posts, and even nesting on the ground under rocks.

Figure 18 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)

Figure 18. Oncopeltus fasciatus aggregating on Asclepias leaves and seed pods in southern Greenville County, South Carolina. These insects pierce seed pods to feed on seeds. 1, Pair of immatures resting on top of an Asclepias leaf. 2, Two adults feeding on seed pod. 3, Aggregation of mating adult pairs. 4, Lateral view of adult showing long stylus. 5, Dorsal view of adult.

Figure 14 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)

Figure 14. Recovery of tendency to attack by adult female Phidippus audax. Each spider was placed in a clean Petri dish with one adult Oncopeltus reared on Asclepias reared. After an initial attack (t=0), the behavior of 40 spiders (numbered at left) was charted through either the third sequential attack, or until 15 minutes had elapsed, whatever came first. Turns to face the bugs are shown as green circles, and attacks (jump and contact) are shown as red circles.

Figure 6 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)

Figure 6. Violent reaction of an adult female Phidippus princeps to fluids associated with an adult Oncopeltus fasciatus. 1, This spider first bit the bug on its head but held its legs and pedipalps far away from the prey. 2, Moments later, the spider dropped the fatally-bitten bug, and began to wipe its mouthparts against the surface, leaving a trail of fluid behind (fluid cannot be seen in these photographs).

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Data from: Distinct developmental mechanisms influence sexual dimorphisms in the milkweed bug Oncopeltus fasciatus

Sexual dimorphism is common in animals. The most complete model of sex determination comes from Drosophila melanogaster, where the relative dosage of autosomes and X chromosomes leads indirectly to sex-specific transcripts of doublesex (dsx). Female Dsx interacts with a mediator complex protein encoded by intersex to activate female development. In males the transcription factor encoded by fruitless promotes male-specific behavior. The genetics of sex determination have been examined in a small number of other insects, yet several questions remain about the plesiomorphic state. Is doublesex required for female and male development? Is fruitless conserved in male behavior or morphology? Are other components such as intersex functionally conserved? To address these questions, we report the expression and functional tests of doublesex, intersex and fruitless in the hemipteran Oncopeltus fasciatus, characterizing three sexual dimorphisms. doublesex prevents intersex phenotypes in all sexes and dimorphic traits in the milkweed bug. intersex and fruitless are expressed across the body, in females and males. fruitless and intersex also affect the genitalia of both sexes but have effects limited to different dimorphic structures in different sexes. These results reveal roles for intersex and fruitless distinct from other insects and demonstrate distinct development mechanisms in different sexually dimorphic structures.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2016View details →

Fig. 4 in Aposematism and unpalatability in the Chilean milkweed bug Oncopeltus (Erythrischius) miles (Blanchard, 1852) (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae): experiences with spiders (Arachnida: Araneae).

Fig. 4.- Oncopeltus miles recently emerged nymphs with Frigga crocuta adult and its ootheca.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

A simple artificial diet for feeding and sequestration assays for the milkweed bugs Oncopeltus fasciatus and Spilostethus saxatilis (Heteroptera: Lygaeinae)

Insect artificial diets are not only an important tool for mass rearing, nutritional research, and maintaining laboratory colonies but also for studying insect-plant interactions. For herbivorous insects able to sequester plant toxins, feeding and sequestration assays based on artificial diet allow for the investigation of physiological, ecological, and evolutionary questions which may be difficult to study using real plants representing complex chemical environments. We developed a simple artificial diet, consisting of sunflower meal pressed into pills, for the milkweed bugs Oncopeltus fasciatus and Spilostethus saxatilis (Heteroptera: Lygaeinae), which are capable of sequestering cardenolides and colchicum alkaloids, respectively. We assessed insect performance, suitability of the diet for sequestration assays, and its shelf life. Compared to sunflower seeds which are widely used as a laboratory maintenance diet for milkweed bugs, no differences were found in terms of weight development, presence of deformities, speed of development, or mortality. Importantly, after feeding O. fasciatus and S. saxatilis sunflower pills enriched with crystalline ouabain (cardenolide) or colchicine (colchicum alkaloid), respectively, sequestration was observed in both species. Moreover, as a prerequisite to test ecological hypotheses, our method allows for adequate concentration control and homogenous distribution of toxins across the diet. Under relatively warm conditions (27°C and 60% r.h.), the new diet was stable for up to 10 days when used for feeding assays with adult bugs. Therefore, studies focusing on the role of plant toxins in predator-prey interactions and plant defense, but also insecticide research could benefit from using this approach.

publicJan 2023View details →

A simple artificial diet for feeding and sequestration assays for the milkweed bugs Oncopeltus fasciatus and Spilostethus saxatilis (Heteroptera: Lygaeinae)

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