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41 results for “Papio”
Fig. 1 in Severe coenurosis caused by larvae of Taenia serialis in an olive baboon (Papio anubis) in Benin
Fig. 1. Clinical presentation of the baboon with the clear presence of swellings in various areas of the body: ventral abdominal and thoracic parts, inner part of forearms, intermandibular region (arrow heads) and dorsal region also.
Fig. 4 in Predictors of helminth parasite infection in female chacma baboons (Papio ursinus)
Fig. 4. An interaction between host reproductive state and progestagen concentrations in the infection intensity of Protospirura. Pregnant females (blue) exhibit increased infection intensity of Protospirura with rising progestagen concentrations. Non-pregnant females (red) exhibit decreased infection intensity of Protospirura with rising progestagen concentrations. Confidence intervals are in gray. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 2 in Predictors of helminth parasite infection in female chacma baboons (Papio ursinus)
Fig. 2. Plots showing associations between log Protospirura intensity (eggs per gram; epg) in female baboons and marginal effects of each predictor variable. Plots are (A) pregnant (no or yes); (B) log progestagen concentrations (low = below median; high = above median; ng/g); (C) season (dry or wet); (D) presence/absence of Oesophagostomum; and (E) log Trichuris intensity (epg). Points and whiskers on the plot represent the mean and confidence intervals. For Fig. 2E, the values of each fixed effect are divided into tertiles. Numbers above each bar indicate sample size.
Fig. 3 in Predictors of helminth parasite infection in female chacma baboons (Papio ursinus)
Fig. 3. Plots showing associations between log Trichuris intensity (eggs per gram; epg) in female baboons and marginal effects of each predictor variable. Plots are (A) cycling (no or yes); (B) log fecal glucocorticoid concentrations (ng/g); (C) season (dry or wet); (D) presence/absence of Oesophagostomum; and (E) log Protospirua intensity (epg). Points and whiskers on the plot represent the mean and confidence intervals. For Fig. 3B and E, the values of each fixed effect are divided into tertiles. Numbers above each bar indicate sample size. Photograph by Bobby Habig.
Fig. 1 in Predictors of helminth parasite infection in female chacma baboons (Papio ursinus)
Fig. 1. Population and host level processes proposed to drive within group variation in helminth infection risk among female chacma baboon hosts (partially adapted from Akinyi et al., 2019; Habig et al., 2019). Four key drivers of parasite risk are examined: environmental conditions; reproductive stage; steroid hormones; and patterns of coinfection.
Data for: Five decades of data yield no support for adaptive biasing of offspring sex ratio in wild baboons (Papio cynocephalus)
<p>Over the past 50 years, a wealth of testable, often conflicting, hypotheses has been generated about the evolution of offspring sex ratio manipulation by mothers. Several of these hypotheses have received support in studies of invertebrates and some vertebrate taxa. However, their success in explaining sex ratios in mammalian taxa, and especially in primates, has been mixed. Here, we assess the predictions of four different hypotheses about the evolution of biased offspring sex ratios in the well-studied baboons of the Amboseli basin in Kenya: the Trivers-Willard, female rank enhancement, local resource competition, and local resource enhancement hypotheses. Using the largest sample size ever analyzed in a primate population (n = 1372 offspring), we test the predictions of each hypothesis. Overall, we find no support for adaptive biasing of sex ratios. Offspring sex is not consistently related to maternal dominance rank or biased towards the dispersing sex, nor it is predicted by group size, population growth rates, or their interaction with maternal rank. Because our sample size confers power to detect even subtle biases in sex ratio, including modulation by environmental heterogeneity, these results suggest that adaptive biasing of offspring sex does not occur in this population.</p>
Data for: Five decades of data yield no support for adaptive biasing of offspring sex ratio in wild baboons (Papio cynocephalus)
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Data from: Multi-scale predictors of parasite risk in wild male savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus)
Several factors are thought to shape male parasite risk in polygynous and polygynandrous mammals, including male-male competition, investment in potentially immunosuppressive hormones, and dispersal. Parasitism is also driven by processes occurring at larger scales, including host social groups and populations. To date, studies that test parasite-related costs of male behavior at all three scales—individual hosts, social groups, and the host population—remain rare. To fill this gap, we investigated multi-scale predictors of helminth parasitism in 97 male savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus) living in the Amboseli ecosystem in Kenya over a five-year span. Controlling for multi-scale processes, we found that many of the classic indicators of male mating effort—high dominance rank, testosterone, and glucocorticoids—did not predict helminth infection risk. However, we identified two parasite-related costs associated with male behavior: (i) socially connected males exhibited higher Trichuris trichiura egg counts and greater parasite species richness than socially isolated males; and (ii) males with stable group residency exhibited higher parasite species richness than males who frequently dispersed to new social groups. At the population level, males harbored more parasites following periods of drought than rainfall. Lastly, parasites exhibited positive covariance suggesting that infection risk increases if a host already harbors one or more parasite taxa. These results indicate that multi-scale processes are important in driving male parasite risk, and that some aspects of male behavior are costly. Together, our results provide an unusually holistic perspective on the drivers of parasite risk in the context of male behaviors and life histories.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan of a Baboon Brain (Papio Papio)
<p>Magnetic resonance imaging scan of a baboon brain (Papio papio) from http://braincatalogue.org/Baboon</p>
Mentalising mechanisms underly strategic coordination in Guinea baboons (Papio papio)
<p>It remains controversial whether the ability to mentalise is confined to humans. To address this question, Guinea baboons living in a social colony freely came to play a 2-players coordination game with any other baboon, or alone (social vs solo conditions). In fact, in both conditions, they interacted with an identical Artificial Agent. Their choice behaviour depended on the social context and their relative dominance hierarchy. A mentalising computational model accounted for baboons' behaviour better than simpler models without mentalizing components in the social condition while the same baboons used a simpler strategy when they played alone. Together, these findings indicate that computations required for mentalising and used for coordination learning may have evolved in the common ancestor of the Old-World monkey and apes.</p>
Fig. 3 in Severe coenurosis caused by larvae of Taenia serialis in an olive baboon (Papio anubis) in Benin
Fig. 3. Detail of a protoscolex extracted from a cyst.
Data from: Multi-scale predictors of parasite risk in wild male savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus)
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Microsatellite loci genotypes dataset (N=121 unique individuals) from: Sex-mediated gene flow of grayfoot chacma baboons (Papio ursinus griseipes ) in a highly seasonal habitat of Gorongosa National Park, Mozambique
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The relationship of coping style and social support variation to glucocorticoid metabolites in wild olive baboons (Papio anubis)
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Mentalising mechanisms underly strategic coordination in Guinea baboons (Papio papio)
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Dental linear metrics from a wild population of baboons (Papio cynocephalus), Kenya
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Data from: To grunt or not to grunt: factors governing call production in female olive baboons, Papio anubis
Vocal signals often play an important role in synchronizing the activities of group members, coordinating decisions about when and where to travel, and facilitating social interactions in which there are potential conflicts of interest. In chacma baboons, Papio ursinus, low amplitude grunts facilitate nonaggressive social interactions and reconcile conflicts. Grunts seem to function as signals of benign intent and reduce uncertainty about the signaler's subsequent behavior. Here, we replicate and extend these findings in another species of savanna baboons, the olive baboon, Papio anubis. As in chacma baboons, female olive baboons are more likely to grunt as they approach lower ranking females than as they approach higher ranking females and are less likely to grunt as they approach their own mothers and daughters than as they approach other females. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that baboons modify their call production for different listeners in different social contexts, and support the view that the mechanisms underlying call production may overlap with the mechanisms underlying call perception.
Data from: Measuring fecal testosterone in females and fecal estrogens in males: comparison of RIA and LC/MS/MS methods for wild baboons (Papio cynocephalus).
The development of non-invasive methods, particularly fecal determination, has made possible the assessment of hormone concentrations in wild animal populations. However, measuring fecal metabolites needs careful validation for each species and for each sex. We investigated whether radioimmunoassays (RIAs) previously used to measure fecal testosterone (fT) in male baboons and fecal estrogens (fE) in female baboons were well suited to measure these hormones in the opposite sex. We compared fE and fT concentrations determined by RIA to those measured by liquid chromatography combined with triple quadropole mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS), a highly specific method. Additionally, we conducted a biological validation to assure that the measurements of fecal concentrations reflected physiological levels of the hormone of interest. Several tests produced expected results that led us to conclude that our RIAs can reliably measure fT and fE in both sexes, and that within-sex comparisons of these measures are valid: (i) fTRIA were significantly correlated to fTLC/MS/MS for both sexes; (ii) fTRIA were higher in adult than in immature males; (iii) fTRIA were higher in pregnant than non-pregnant females; (iv) fERIA were correlated with 17β-estradiol (fE2) and with estrone (fE1) determined by LC/MS/MS in pregnant females; (v) fERIA were significantly correlated with fE2 in non-pregnant females and nearly significantly correlated in males; (vi) fERIA were higher in adult males than in immature males. fERIA were higher in females than in males, as predicted, but unexpectedly, fTRIA were higher in females than in males, suggesting a difference in steroid metabolism in the two sexes; consequently, we conclude that while within-sex comparisons are valid, fTRIA should not be used for intersexual comparisons. Our results should open the field to important additional studies, as to date the roles of testosterone in females and estrogens in males have been little investigated.
Data from: The effect of excluding juveniles on apparent adult olive baboons (Papio anubis) social networks
In recent years there has been much interest in investigating the social structure of group living animals using social network analysis. Many studies so far have focused on the social networks of adults, often excluding younger, immature group members. This potentially may lead to a biased view of group social structure as multiple recent studies have shown that younger group members can significantly contribute to group structure. As proof of the concept, we address this issue by investigating social network structure with and without juveniles in wild olive baboons (Papio anubis) at Gashaka Gumti National Park, Nigeria. Two social networks including all independently moving individuals (i.e., excluding dependent juveniles) were created based on aggressive and grooming behaviour. We used knockout simulations based on the random removal of individuals from the network in order to investigate to what extent the exclusion of juveniles affects the resulting network structure and our interpretation of age-sex specific social roles. We found that juvenile social patterns differed from those of adults and that the exclusion of juveniles from the network significantly altered the resulting overall network structure. Moreover, the removal of juveniles from the network affected individuals in specific age-sex classes differently: for example, including juveniles in the grooming network increased network centrality of adult females while decreasing centrality of adult males. These results suggest that excluding juveniles from the analysis may not only result in a distorted picture of the overall social structure but also may mask some of the social roles of individuals belonging to different age-sex classes.
Data from: Predicting the impacts of climate change on Papio baboon biogeography: are widespread, generalist primates 'safe'?
Aims: To explore whether wide-ranging, generalist primates like baboons can be presumed 'resilient' in the face of climate change. We identify environmental variables influencing baboons' current distributions and predict their future potential distributions under different climate change scenarios. Location: Africa and Arabia. Taxon: Baboons, Papio spp. Methods: We used localities for olive, yellow, Guinea, hamadryas, chacma and Kinda baboons together with high-resolution data on bioclimatic variables, altitude and vegetation to construct species distribution models (SDMs). These SDMs were run under current and future conditions, with future models based on three General Circulation Models (MIROC-ESM, CCSM4 and HadGEM2-ES) under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP2.5 and 6.0) for 2050 and 2070 to explore a range of different possible futures. Results: All SDMs produced AUC values >0.916 suggesting excellent overall performance. Altitude was the most important variable influencing Guinea baboon distributions (contributing 41.6%), temperature seasonality for olive and yellow baboons (47.5% and 35.4% respectively), precipitation of the driest month for hamadryas baboons (24.4%), annual mean precipitation for the Kinda baboon (45.1%) and mean temperature of the driest quarter for chacma baboons (41.4%). Chacma and Kinda baboons are predicted to suffer substantial habitat loss, and Guinea baboons may do the same if conditions aridify as climates warm. In contrast, all models for the olive and hamadryas baboons predicted an increase in suitable habitat and only smaller changes were predicted for the yellow baboon. Main conclusions: Two or three of six baboon taxa are at risk of significant habitat loss as climates warm despite their apparent ecological flexibility. The chacma and Kinda baboons (both IUCN listed as Least Concern) will be worst affected, followed by the Guinea baboon (Near Threatened) if warming brings aridification. We recommend more focus on biogeographic tools as a means of exploring vulnerabilities in seemingly resilient species.
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OpenNeuro
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