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5 results for “Parasite biomass”
Data from: The scaling of parasite biomass with host biomass in lake ecosystems: are parasites limited by host resources?
The standing crop biomass of different populations or trophic levels reflects patterns of energy flow through an ecosystem. The contribution of parasites to total biomass is often considered negligible; recent evidence suggests otherwise, although it comes from a narrow range of natural systems. Quantifying how local parasite biomass, whether that of a single species or an assemblage of species sharing the same host, varies across localities with host population biomass, is critical to determine what constrains parasite populations. We use an extensive dataset on all free-living and parasitic metazoan species from multiple sites in New Zealand lakes to measure parasite biomass and test how it covaries with host biomass. In all lakes, trematodes had the highest combined biomass among parasite taxa, ranging from about 0.01 to 0.25 g m−2, surpassing the biomass of minor free-living taxa. Unlike findings from other studies, the life stage contributing the most to total trematode biomass was the metacercarial stage in the second intermediate host, and not sporocysts or rediae within snail first intermediate hosts, possibly due to low prevalence and small snail sizes. For populations of single parasite species, we found no relationship between host and parasite biomass for either juvenile or adult nematodes. In contrast, all life stages of trematodes had local biomasses that correlated positively with those of their hosts. For assemblages of parasite species sharing the same host, we found strong relationships between local host population biomass and the total biomass of parasites supported. In these host–parasite biomass relationships, the scaling factor (slope in log-log space) suggests that parasites may not be making full use of available host resources. Host populations appear capable of supporting a little more parasite biomass, and may be open to expansion of existing parasites or invasion by new ones.
Data from: The scaling of parasite biomass with host biomass in lake ecosystems: are parasites limited by host resources?
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Data from: Trematode parasites exceed aquatic insect biomass in Oregon stream food webs
<p>1) Although parasites are increasingly recognized for their ecosystem roles, it is often assumed that free-living organisms dominate animal biomass in most ecosystems and therefore provide the primary pathways for energy transfer.</p> <p>2) To examine the contributions of parasites to ecosystem energetics in freshwater streams, we quantified the standing biomass of trematodes and free-living organisms at nine sites in three streams in western Oregon, USA. We then compared rates of biomass flow from snails (<i>Juga</i> <i>plicifera</i>) into trematode parasites relative to aquatic vertebrate predators (sculpin, cutthroat trout, and Pacific giant salamanders).</p> <p>3) The trematode parasite community had the fifth highest dry biomass density among stream organisms (0.40 g m<sup>-2</sup>) and exceeded the combined biomass of aquatic insects. Only host snails (3.88 g m<sup>-2</sup>), sculpin (1.11 g m<sup>-2</sup>), trout (0.73 g m<sup>-2</sup>), and crayfish (0.43 g m<sup>-2</sup>) had a greater biomass. The parasite 'extended phenotype', consisting of trematode plus castrated host biomass, exceeded the individual biomass of every taxonomic group other than snails. The substantial parasite biomass stemmed from the high snail density and infection prevalence, and the large proportional mass of infected hosts that consisted of trematode tissue (mean = 31% per snail).</p> <p>4) Estimates of yearly biomass transfer from snails into trematodes were slightly higher than the combined estimate of snail biomass transfer into the three vertebrate predators. Pacific giant salamanders accounted for 90% of the snail biomass consumed by predators.</p> <p>5) These results demonstrate that trematode parasites play underappreciated roles in the ecosystem energetics of some freshwater streams.</p>
Data from: A metabolic and body-size scaling framework for parasite within-host abundance, biomass, and energy flux
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Data from: Trematode parasites exceed aquatic insect biomass in Oregon stream food webs
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