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opencc-by-4.0Dec 2013View details →

Fig. 2 in Networks and the ecology of parasite transmission: A framework for wildlife parasitology

Fig. 2. How do we use networks to understand the ecology of parasite transmission? Networks allow us to describe how the behaviour of individuals collectively affects the transmission of parasites within wildlife populations. They provide a flexible framework that enables analysis at three different levels; individual (panel A), dyadic (pair-wise associations) (panel B) and the network (population) level (panel C). Within each level of analysis, there are different metrics and analytical approaches that can be used to explore the ecology of parasite transmission.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2013View details →

Fig. 1 in Networks and the ecology of parasite transmission: A framework for wildlife parasitology

Fig. 1. What is a network? A network in its most elementary form is an adjacency matrix, where row and column labels represent the individuals in the network, and the remaining cells represent the pair-wise associations among individuals in the network (panel A). These associations can be weighted, as below (panel A), where stronger relationships are assigned a higher value (for example, the duration or frequency of contact). They can also be directed, to reflect the direction of the association; in this instance, the direction of possible parasite transmission. In this case, rows represent donor nodes, and columns represent recipient nodes (e.g., in panel A: from node C (donor) to node D (recipient), there is a score of 1). The matrix can be visualised as a network diagram (panel B), consisting of nodes, which represent the epidemiological unit of interest (usually individuals) connected together by a series of edges representing the measure of association (the potential for parasite transmission). In context of understanding the ecology of parasite transmission, edges represent a 'contact' between two hosts that provides an opportunity for parasite transfer. The weighting of edges represents the likelihood of parasite transmission (e.g., the frequency or intensity of contact among hosts). The definition of a contact will depend on the type of parasite considered, and how it is passed from one host to another.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2017View details →

Fig. 2. A in Lizards, ticks and contributions to Australian parasitology: C. Michael Bull (1947-2016)

Fig. 2. A scanned image of the (a) first and (b) final datasheets in the 35-year study of ticks on sleepy lizards along the parapatric boundary at Bundey Bore/Mt Mary.

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Fig. 1 in Lizards, ticks and contributions to Australian parasitology: C. Michael Bull (1947-2016)

Fig. 1. Photographs of the two tick species (Amblyomma limbatum and Bothriocroton hydrosauri), their host (Tiliqua rugosa) and a map indicating the approximate parapatric distribution of these two ticks (and additionally, Amblyomma albolimbatum), with the location of the long-term study site 'Bundey Bore/Mt Mary' circled. The parapatric distributions are taken from Smyth (1973).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2017View details →

Fig. 1 in Invasion ecology meets parasitology: Advances and challenges

Fig. 1. Number of articles published per year, between 1980 and 2016, on either biological invasions in general, or more specifically on parasitism in the context of biological invasions, from a search of the Web of Science ® (see text). Note the different scales on the y-axes for the two article counts.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2020View details →

Fig. 3 in Ecological, parasitological and individual determinants of plasma neopterin levels in a natural mandrill population

Fig. 3. Plasma neopterin concentrations (raw values) in relation to P. Gonderi parasitaemia in adult males.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2020View details →

Fig. 1 in Ecological, parasitological and individual determinants of plasma neopterin levels in a natural mandrill population

Fig. 1. Plasma neopterin concentrations (raw values) in relation to individual sex. The bottom and top of the box respectively represent the 25th and 75th quartiles, and the bold horizontal line the median. Whiskers show the interquartile range. Open squares indicate the mean of the distribution. Comparisons are denoted by "*" if significant.

Fig. 1 in Effect of 80% ethanol or 10% formalin fixation, freezing at - 20 C and staining on Myxobolus (Myxosporea) spores to be deposited in parasitological collections

Fig. 1. Myxospores of Myxobolus bramae treated in different ways. (a) Fresh spore, (b) Spore fixed in 80% ethanol, (c) Spore fixed in 10% formalin solution, (d) Spore freezing at – 20 ◦C for 3 months, (e) Spore stained with Giemsa stain, (f) Spore stained with Ziehl–Neelsen stain.

Fig. 3 in Effect of 80% ethanol or 10% formalin fixation, freezing at - 20 C and staining on Myxobolus (Myxosporea) spores to be deposited in parasitological collections

Fig. 3. Myxospores of Myxobolus bliccae treated in different ways. (a) Fresh spore, (b) Spore fixed in 80% ethanol, (c) Spore fixed in 10% formalin solution, (d) Spore freezing at – 20 ◦C for 3 months, (e) Spore stained with Giemsa stain, (f) Spore stained with Ziehl–Neelsen stain.

Fig. 4 in Effect of 80% ethanol or 10% formalin fixation, freezing at - 20 C and staining on Myxobolus (Myxosporea) spores to be deposited in parasitological collections

Fig. 4. Length and width (n = 795 and 729, respectively) of differently treated spores of Myxobolus bramae. Medians and interquartile ranges are indicated by thick middle lines and boxes, respectively, whereas the whiskers represent maximum and minimum values, and the open circles refer to outliers.

Fig. 2 in Effect of 80% ethanol or 10% formalin fixation, freezing at - 20 C and staining on Myxobolus (Myxosporea) spores to be deposited in parasitological collections

Fig. 2. (a) Myxospore of M. bramae treated with Lugol's solution. (b) Myxospore of M. bliccae treated with Lugol's solution.

Fig. 4. Calf found dead and mummified under a in Introduced European bison (Bison bonasus) in a confined forest district: A ten year parasitological survey

Fig. 4. Calf found dead and mummified under a Norway spruce in the fenced area. Hind legs, fore legs, ribs and frontal horns are noted protruding from the skin covering.

Fig. 2 in Introduced European bison (Bison bonasus) in a confined forest district: A ten year parasitological survey

Fig. 2. Nematode larvae (live, total length 700 μm) hatched from larval cultures of European bison faeces, sampled March 2022. A. Intestinal cells clearly seen, short tail sheath extension. B. Larva with longer tail sheath extension.

Fig. 1 in Introduced European bison (Bison bonasus) in a confined forest district: A ten year parasitological survey

Fig. 1. Gastrointestinal nematode egg types (others than trichurids) recovered from faeces by flotation and enumerated by McMaster-method. A) Nematodirus, B) Ostertagia, C) Cooperia, and D) Trichostrongylus.

Fig. 3 in Introduced European bison (Bison bonasus) in a confined forest district: A ten year parasitological survey

Fig. 3. Lungworms, Dictyocaulus viviparus recovered from the bronchi of a young bull of Bison bonasus found dead January 2017. A. Macroscopic appearance. B. Light microscopy LM of female worm (anterior). C. Light microscopy LM of female worm (caudal part). D. Male worm caudal part. E. Uterus with eggs in female lungworm. F. Embryonating eggs in female lungworm uterus.

Fig. 4 in Evidence of predation pressure on sensitive species by raccoons based on parasitological studies

Fig. 4. Presentation of 4 parasite species not found in the original habitat of raccoons (Brachylaima mesostoma, Euryhelmis squamula, Physocephalus sexalatus, Isthmiophora melis), their lifecycles and how the raccoon takes over the role as final host within the new environment. IH = Intermediate host, L = larval stage.

Fig. 1. a in Parasitological examination results of zoo animals in Germany between 2012 and 2022

Fig. 1. a) Trichodina spp. from a koi; b) Egg of Ascaridia platyceri from a Platycercus elegans; c) Egg of Oxyurida from a turtle; d) Egg of Enterobius vermicularis from a chimpanzee; e) Haematomyzus elephantis from an elephant; f) Ornithonyssus bacoti from a hamster.

Fig. 3 in Evidence of predation pressure on sensitive species by raccoons based on parasitological studies

Fig. 3. Depiction of the Frequency of occurrence (F%) of prey from surveyed raccoons, Percentages mean: "Prey category found in XX% of raccoon stomachs".

Fig. 2 in Evidence of predation pressure on sensitive species by raccoons based on parasitological studies

Fig. 2. Light micrographs of different endoparasite species showing the general morphology of the identified parasites in the investigated raccoons; A/B: Isthmiophora melis; C: Brachylaima mesostoma; D: Echinorhynchus truttae; E/F: Polymorphus minutus; G: Hymenolepis erinacei; H: Physocephalus sexalatus.

Fig. 4 in International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife Outbreak of parasite-induced limb malformations in a declining amphibian species in Colorado

Fig. 4. (A) Excysted metacercaria of Ribeiroia ondatrae from an infected frog; (B) Rams horn snails (Helisoma trivolvis) function as first intermediate hosts for multiple trematode species, including Ribeiroia ondatrae. Several of these snails have egg masses on their shells, which can be common in the spring.