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39 results for “Passer sparrows”
Fig. 1 in Dominance Hierarchy And Status Signalling In Captive Tree Sparrow (Passer Montanus) Flocks
Fig. 1. The relationship between badge size and dominance ranks in flock B (n= 9 birds, for statistics see Table 2). The most subordinate individual has rank 1
Fig. 3 in Repeatability Analysis Of Egg Shape In A Wild Tree Sparrow (Passer Montanus) Population: A Sensitive Method For Egg Shape Description
Fig. 3. The effect of egg-photographing on the description of outline. Panel a shows ten outlines described following the photos of ten randomly chosen eggs, panel b shows ten outlines described fol-
Fig. 1 in Nest Entry Shape Change May Cause Nest Abandonment In Urban Cavity-Nesting Species: A Case Study Of The Tree Sparrow Passer Montanus
Fig. 1. Location of the study area (left) and examples of Tree Sparrow nests at the study sites (right). Site 1: Agricultural Practical Training Center, Chonnam National University,
Data from: The genetic architecture of recombination rates is polygenic and differs between the sexes in wild house sparrows (Passer domesticus)
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Fig. 2 in Repeatability Analysis Of Egg Shape In A Wild Tree Sparrow (Passer Montanus) Population: A Sensitive Method For Egg Shape Description
Fig. 2. Data collecting method results in 22 co-ordinates of each eggs
Fig. 1 in Repeatability Analysis Of Egg Shape In A Wild Tree Sparrow (Passer Montanus) Population: A Sensitive Method For Egg Shape Description
Fig. 1. Differently shaped eggs characterised with the same egg shape index (ES = 0.7)
Data from: Simulated infection induced changes in DNA methylation differ between introduced and native house sparrow (Passer domesticus)
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Spectral composition of light pollution affects melatonin suppression and West Nile virus infection resistance and mortality in the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus).
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Data from: Environmental selection is a main driver of divergence in house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in Romania and Bulgaria
Both neutral and adaptive evolutionary processes can cause population divergence, but their relative contributions remain unclear. We investigated the roles of these processes in population divergence in house sparrows (Passer domesticus) from Romania and Bulgaria, regions characterized by high landscape heterogeneity compared to Western Europe. We asked whether morphological divergence, complemented with genetic data in this human commensal species, was best explained by environmental variation, geographic distance, or landscape resistance—the effort it takes for an individual to disperse from one location to the other—caused by either natural or anthropogenic barriers. Using generalized dissimilarity modeling, a matrix regression technique that fits biotic beta diversity to both environmental predictors and geographic distance, we found that a small set of climate and vegetation variables explained up to ~30% of the observed divergence, whereas geographic and resistance distances played much lesser roles. Our results are consistent with signals of selection on morphological traits and of isolation by adaptation in genetic markers, suggesting that selection by natural environmental conditions shapes population divergence in house sparrows. Our study thus contributes to a growing body of evidence that adaptive evolution may be a major driver of diversification.
Data from: DNA methylation predicts immune gene expression in introduced house sparrows (Passer domesticus)
Populations undergoing range expansions are often faced with novel selective pressures, and to cope with such challenges, populations must either adapt quickly or exhibit phenotypic plasticity. This latter option allows for rapid phenotypic adjustments and persistence in novel environments, and thus could be advantageous at range‐edges. Our previous research on house sparrows in Kenya—a site of ongoing range expansion— and a growing literature suggests that invasion success is facilitated by epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Previously, we found (i) differences in the expression of a microbial surveillance gene (i.e. Toll‐like receptor 4—TLR4), and (ii) extensive variation in genome‐wide DNA methylation among house sparrows across Kenya. Here, our goal was to investigate whether these two observations are related, specifically whether DNA methylation within a target sequence upstream of the TLR4 transcription start site is associated with variation in TLR4 expression. We found that DNA methylation in the aforementioned region was quite variable among individuals, and variation at one CpG site predicted differences in TLR4 expression. Moreover, we found genetic variation within the same sequence upstream of the TLR4 exon, but this variation did not predict TLR4 expression. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate an association between DNA methylation and the expression of an ecologically relevant trait in a range‐expanding vertebrate.
Data from: Range expansion of house sparrows (Passer domesticus) in Kenya: evidence of genetic admixture and human-mediated dispersal
Introduced species offer an opportunity to study the ecological process of range expansions. Recently, 3 mechanisms have been identified that may resolve the genetic paradox (the seemingly unlikely success of introduced species given the expected reduction in genetic diversity through bottlenecks or founder effects): multiple introductions, high propagule pressure, and epigenetics. These mechanisms are probably also important in range expansions (either natural or anthropogenic), yet this possibility remains untested in vertebrates. We used microsatellite variation (7 loci) in house sparrows (Passer domesticus), an introduced species that has been spreading across Kenya for ~60 years, to determine if patterns of variation could explain how this human commensal overcame the genetic paradox and expresses such considerable phenotypic differentiation across this new range. We note that in some cases, polygenic traits and epistasis among genes, for example, may not have negative effects on populations. House sparrows arrived in Kenya by a single introduction event (to Mombasa, ~1950) and have lower genetic diversity than native European and introduced North American populations. We used Bayesian clustering of individuals (n = 233) to detect that at least 2 types of range expansion occurred in Kenya: one with genetic admixture and one with little to no admixture. We also found that genetic diversity increased toward a range edge, and the range expansion was consistent with long-distance dispersal. Based on these data, we expect that the Kenyan range expansion was anthropogenically influenced, as the expansions of other introduced human commensals may also be.
Singing under glass: rapid effects of anthropogenic habitat modification on song and response behaviours in an isolated house sparrow (Passer domesticus) population
<p>Anthropogenic noise pollution and the introduction of novel infrastructure can impose strong selective pressures on avian communication by affecting the efficacy with which acoustic signals are transmitted and received. Many species have now been shown to sing at higher frequencies in noisy urban environments. However, few studies have investigated the effects of signal modification on the response behaviours of receivers, and fewer still have been able to indicate the timescale over which these changes in pitch have occurred. We compare vocal communication between house sparrows (Passer domesticus) that reside within the world's largest, single-span glasshouse (completed in the year 2000), and house sparrows directly outside this glasshouse, in open farmland. The glasshouse contrasts both acoustically and physically with the external environment, low frequency background noise being significantly louder inside than outside. We show that minimum song frequency was significantly higher inside the glasshouse than in surrounding farm habitat. Using song playback, we also found that birds within the glasshouse reacted more strongly to playbacks from the glasshouse habitat than they did to playback of song from farm birds outside. The degree of difference in frequency is similar to that shown for other bird species between urban and rural environments, demonstrating that such behavioural differences may arise over a relatively short time period (14 years in this case)</p>
Data from: Epigenetic and genetic variation among three separate introductions of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) into Australia
Invasive populations are often associated with low levels of genetic diversity due to population bottlenecks at the initial stages of invasion. Despite this, the ability of invasive species to adapt rapidly in response to novel environments is well documented. Epigenetic mechanisms have recently been proposed to facilitate the success of invasive species by compensating for reduced levels of genetic variation. Here, we use MS-AFLP and microsatellite analyses to compare levels of epigenetic and genetic diversity and differentiation across 15 sites in the introduced Australian house sparrow population. We find patterns of epigenetic and genetic differentiation that are consistent with historical descriptions of three distinct, introductions events. However unlike genetic differentiation, epigenetic differentiation was higher among sample sites than among invasion clusters, suggesting that patterns of epigenetic variation are more strongly influenced by local environmental stimuli or sequential founder events than the initial diversity in the introduction population. Interestingly, we fail to detect correlations between pairwise site comparisons of epigenetic and genetic differentiation, suggesting that some of the observed epigenetic variation has arisen independently of genetic variation. We also fail to detect the potentially compensatory relationship between epigenetic and genetic diversity that has been detected in a more recent house sparrow invasion in Africa. We discuss the potential for this relationship to be obscured by recovered genetic diversity in more established populations, and highlight the importance of incorporating introduction history into population-wide epigenetic analyses.
Data from: Does the house sparrow Passer domesticus represent a global model species for egg rejection behavior?
Conspecific brood parasitism (CP) is a facultative breeding tactic whereby females lay their eggs in the nests of conspecifics. In some species, potential host individuals have evolved the ability to identify and reject foreign eggs from their nest. Previous studies suggest that the ubiquitous House Sparrow Passer domesticus in Spain and South Africa employs both CP and parasitic egg rejection, while a population in China does not. Given the species' invasive range expansions, the House Sparrow represents a potentially excellent global model system for egg rejection across variable ecological conditions. The present study examines House Sparrow responses to experimental parasitism at three geographically distinct locations (in Israel, North America, and New Zealand) to provide a robust test of how general the findings of the previous studies are. In all three geographic regions egg rejection rates were negligible and not statistically different from background rates of disappearance of control eggs, suggesting that the House Sparrow is not a suitable model species for egg rejection experiments on a global scale.
Data from: Morphology-function relationships and repeatability in the sperm of Passer sparrows
Sperm performance is likely to be an important determinant of male reproductive success, especially when females copulate with multiple males. Understanding sperm performance is therefore crucial to fully understand the evolution of male reproductive strategies. In this study, we examined the repeatability of sperm morphology and motility measures over three breeding seasons, and we studied relationships between sperm morphology and function. We conducted this study in wild-derived captive house sparrows (Passer domesticus) and Spanish sparrows (P. hispaniolensis). Results for the two species were similar. As predicted from results in other passerine species, total sperm length was highly repeatable across ejaculates, and repeatability for the length of other components was moderate. The repeatability of sperm swimming speed across ejaculates was lower, but statistically significant, suggesting that sperm velocity may be a relatively dynamic trait. Surprisingly, swimming speed did not correlate with the relative length of the midpiece, and it correlated negatively with the relative length of the flagellum and with total sperm length. This pattern is the opposite of what theory predicts and differs from what has been found in house sparrows before. Also contrary to previous work, we found no evidence that total sperm length correlates with sperm longevity. These results therefore highlight the need for a better understanding of relationships between sperm morphology and function in passerine birds.
FIGURE 4 in Two new quill mite species of the family Syringophilidae (Acari: Prostigmata) parasitising the house sparrow Passer domesticus (L.) (Aves: Passeriformes)
FIGURE 4. Krantziaulonastus dubinini sp. nov., female. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, fan-like seta p'III.
FIGURE 2 in Two new quill mite species of the family Syringophilidae (Acari: Prostigmata) parasitising the house sparrow Passer domesticus (L.) (Aves: Passeriformes)
FIGURE 2. Picobia passeri sp. nov., female. A, hypostomal apex; B, peritreme; C, propodonotal seta ve; D, tarsus of leg III in ventral view; E, genito-anal region in ventral view; F, solenidia of leg I; G, movable cheliceral digit.
Data from: Epigenetic potential and DNA methylation in an ongoing House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) range expansion
During range expansions, organisms can use epigenetic mechanisms to adjust to conditions in novel areas by altering gene expression and enabling phenotypic plasticity. Here, we predicted that the number of CpG sites within the genome, one form of epigenetic potential, would be important for successful range expansions because DNA methylation can modulate gene expression, and consequently plasticity. We asked how the number of CpG sites and DNA methylation varied across five locations in the ~70 year-old Kenyan house sparrow ( Passer domesticus ) range expansion. We found that the number of CpG sites was highest towards the vanguard of the invasion and decreased towards the range core. Analysis suggests that this pattern may have been driven by selection, favoring birds with more CpG sites at the range edge. However, we cannot rule out other processes including non-random gene flow. Additionally, DNA methylation did not change across the range expansion, nor was it more variable. We hypothesize that as new areas are colonized, epigenetic potential may be selectively advantageous early but eventually be replaced by less plastic and perhaps genetically-canalized traits as populations adapt to local conditions. While further work is needed on epigenetic potential, this form (CpG number) appears to be a promising mechanism to investigate as a driver of expansions via capacitated phenotypic plasticity in other natural and anthropogenic range expansions.
Data from: Does the house sparrow Passer domesticus represent a global model species for egg rejection behavior?
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Data from: Epigenetic and genetic variation among three separate introductions of the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) into Australia
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