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44 results for “Patch size”
Data from: Mean landscape-scale incidence of species in discrete habitats is patch size dependent
<p>Contains data and code for the manuscript 'Mean landscape-scale incidence of species in discrete habitats is patch size dependent'.</p> <p>Raw data consist of 202 published datasets collated from primary and secondary (e.g., government technical reports) sources. These sources summarise metacommunity structure for different taxonomic groups (birds, invertebrates, non-avian vertebrates or plants) in different types of discrete metacommunities including 'true' islands (i.e., inland, continental or oceanic archipelagos), habitat islands (e.g., ponds, wetlands, sky islands) and fragments (e.g., forest/woodland or grass/shrubland habitat remnants). </p> <p>The aim of the study was to test whether the size of a habitat patch influences the mean incidences of species within it, relative to the incidence of all species across the landscape. In other words, whether high-incidence (widespread) or low-incidence (narrow-range) species are found more often than expected in smaller or larger patches. To achieve this, a new standardized effect size metric was developed that quantifies the mean observed incidence of all species present in every patch (the geometric mean of the number of patches in which all species were observed) and compares this with an expectation based on re-sampling the incidences of all species in all patches. Meta-regression of the 202 datasets was used to test the relationship between this metric, the 'mean species landscape-scale incidences per patch' (MSLIP), and the size of habitat patches, and for differences in response among metacommunity types and taxonomic groups. </p>
Dataset of pollinator functional traits and interaction networks in neotropical mangroves: effects of patch size and surrounding land use
<p>This is the dataset of the manuscript entitled "Pollinator functional traits and interaction networks in neotropical mangroves: effects of patch size and surrounding land use", which was submitted for publication. The dataset include the functional traits of 162 insect pollinator species and 315 interactions with the mangrove species <em>Avicennia germinans, Conocarpus erectus, Laguncularia racemosa,</em> and <em>Rhizophora</em> <em>mangle</em>. The manuscript evaluates the effects of mangrove patch size and surrounding land use on pollinator functional diversity and plant-pollinator interactions in seven mangrove patches from the Colombian Caribbean region. Data variables are pollinator order, family, species, functional traits (pollinator guilds, body size, feeding preference, sociality, and nesting site) and frequency, interacting mangrove species, mangrove patch name, coordinates and size (ha), surrounding land use areas (urban areas, croplands, conserved dry forest, degraded vegetation areas, beach and water) and landscape diversity (Shannon H').</p>
Text-fig. 21. Femur head from White Patch Bone Site belonging to a large mammal approximately the size of a pygmy hippopotamus, probably an embrithopod. View of ligamentary fossa. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique
Text-fig. 21. Femur head from White Patch Bone Site belonging to a large mammal approximately the size of a pygmy hippopotamus, probably an embrithopod. View of ligamentary fossa.
Figure 2 in Effect of patch size of the exotic host plant Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae) on herbivory
Figure 2 Boxplots of the percentage of herbivory between patches ofC. procera of different sizes (number of individuals) in the Caatinga, Pernambuco, Brazil. Each circle represents the average percentage of herbivory of the branches of each individual sampled. The horizontal thick grey band represents the median value, the boxplot margins indicate first and third quartiles, the whiskers represent the maximum/minimum value within one and a half times the interquartile range.
Figure 1 in Effect of patch size of the exotic host plant Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae) on herbivory
Figure 1 (A) Adult individual of Calotropis procera in a pasture area in the Caatinga, Pernambuco, Brazil; (B) early and (C) late instars of Danaus erippus.
Data from: Mean landscape-scale incidence of species in discrete habitats is patch size dependent
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Patch size and vegetation structure drive changes to mixed-species flock diversity and composition across a gradient of fragment sizes in the Western Andes of Colombia
<p>This data set represents a series of 502 mixed-species bird flock compositions, and derived taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity indices, that were gathered along a gradient of forest fragment sizes (range = 10-173 ha) in the Colombian Western Andes. We sampled mixed-species flocks using transect surveys along 14 transects in 8 fragments and a continuous forest reference site in the same landscape and at the same elevation (~1900-2200 m.a.s.l.). We also used buffer analysis to quantify the proportion of forest cover and forest edge within 1 km of each transect, and calculated local vegetation density and complexity, as well as distance from edge, for each 100-meter transect segment (<em>n</em> = 70 segments). Flock composition data observed on a transect were used to calculate overall species richness and flock size as well as two indices of functional and phylogenetic diversity; we calculated the stadardized effect size (SES) of each measure to account for the correlation between these measures and species richness. We also provide the raw counts of each species for each flock composition. These data were used for the analyses in Jones and Robinson (2020). </p>
Data from: Patch size drives colonization by aquatic insects, with minor priority effects of a cohabitant
<p>Patch size is one of the most important factors affecting the distribution and abundance of species, and recent research has shown that patch size is an important niche dimension affecting community structure in aquatic insects. Building on this result, we examined the impact of patch size in conjunction with presence of larval anurans on colonization by aquatic insects. Hyla chrysoscelis (Cope's gray treefrog) larvae are abundant and early colonists in fishless lentic habitats, and these larvae can fill multiple ecological roles. By establishing larvae in mesocosms prior to colonization, we were able to assess if H. chrysoscelis larvae have priority effects on aquatic insect assemblages. We conducted a series of three experiments in naturally-colonized experimental landscapes to test whether (1) H. chrysoscelis larval density affects insect colonization, (2) variation in patch size affects insect colonization, and (3) the presence and larval density of H. chrysoscelis shifts colonization of insects between patches of different size. Larval density independently had almost no effect on colonization, while patch size had species-specific effects consistent with prior work. When larvae and patch size were tested in conjunction, patch size had numerous, often strong, species-specific effects on colonization; larval density had effects largely limited to the assemblages of colonizing beetles and water bugs, with few effects on individual species. Higher larval densities in large mesocosms shifted some insect colonization to smaller patches, resulting in higher beta diversity among small patches in proximity to high density large mesocosms. This indicates establishing H. chrysoscelis larvae prior to insect colonization can likely create priority effects that slightly shape insect communities. Our results support the importance of patch size in studying species abundances and distributions, and also indicate that colonization order plays an important role in determining the communities found within habitat patches.</p>
Secondary data_exploration depth and size of outside patch
<p>Dataset containing secondary data regarding cell distribution. This data was used for the generation the plots about cell distribution related to the article: <strong>The distinctive chemotactic responses of three marine herbivore protists to DMSP and related compounds.</strong> Therefore, provides information about the spatial distribution and the zones of accumulation of three cultured dinoflagellates (<em>Karlodinium armiger, Gyrodinium dominans</em> and<em> Oxyrrhis marina</em>) responding DMSP gradients diffusing from a microcapillary. </p> <p>Nomenclature:</p> <p>lambda_in: <span>the depth of exploration inside the capillary (λ<sub>in</sub>) </span></p> <p>lambda_out: <span>the size of the cell patch outside of it (λ<sub>out</sub>)</span></p> <p>concentration: uM</p>
Patch size and vegetation structure drive changes to mixed-species flock diversity and composition across a gradient of fragment sizes in the Western Andes of Colombia
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Patch size drives colonization by aquatic insects, with minor priority effects of a cohabitant
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Parallel responses of species diversity and functional diversity to changes in patch size are driven by distinct processes
1. Do species and functional trait diversity respond similarly to deterministic and random processes? Theory predicts that the contributions of random and deterministic processes to species diversity depend on patch size. Smaller patches are more strongly influenced by random sampling effects, by having fewer individuals, as well as ecological drift, which propagates the effects of small samples through stochastic birth and death processes. These random processes decrease species richness and increase compositional differences among small patches. Larger patches are predicted to be more deterministically assembled, with greater species richness and greater predictability of composition for a particular environment. The consequences of patch size for the diversity of functional traits, however, are poorly understood. Species diversity may be a poor proxy for functional diversity due to trait redundancies among species, making it unclear how random and deterministic processes alter functional diversity within patches of differing size, and how these differences scale up to determine among-patch functional diversity. 2. We report a novel experimental study of species and functional diversity across spatial scales. We manipulated patch area in an experimental plant metacommunity and used a nested sampling design to distinguish the effects of deterministic processes, ecological drift, and sampling effects on species and functional trait diversity. 3. Our study revealed a pervasive influence of ecological drift and sampling effects on diversity, with distinct influences on functional traits and species composition within and among patches. Overall, drift and sampling effects caused a 2- to 3-fold decrease in the importance of deterministic processes in small fragments. Species and functional diversity showed similar patterns with patch size: larger patches had greater within-patch (alpha) diversity and lower among-patch (beta) diversity, consistent with theory. However, our nested sampling design revealed that sampling effects (i.e. the size of the sample area) largely determined alpha species diversity and beta functional diversity, while ecological drift had a stronger influence on alpha functional diversity and beta species diversity. 4. Synthesis. The compositions of species and functional diversity in a community are influenced by distinct processes, resulting in divergent spatial scaling of species and their traits within patches and across landscapes.
Forest patch size predicts seed bank composition in urban areas
<p><b>Questions:</b></p> <p>As urban areas expand around the world, understanding how to restore and maintain forests within the urban environment becomes increasingly important. Given that a comprehensive understanding of regeneration dynamics is critical to designating appropriate management interventions we ask the following: how does regeneration, vis-à-vis the buried seed bank, vary in heterogenous urban forests? And, can forest patch size be used to predict regeneration and consequent management interventions?</p> <p><b>Location:</b></p> <p>Vacant lots and public parks throughout New Haven, CT, USA.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b></p> <p>We sampled buried seed banks in 131 plots distributed across three forest patch sizes ranging from large intact parks (95-126 ha), to small parks (1-19 ha), and vacant lots (.05-.65 ha). We collected soil samples from the surface mineral soil and stratified them over sand in a greenhouse over a period of 5 months to record germination.</p> <p><b>Results:</b></p> <p>By examining seed bank floristics in a range of forest patch sizes we found that species composition and dominance of specific functional groups shifted with patch size representing a spectrum of urbanization within just one city. Seed bank floristics in large parks more closely resembled results from seed bank studies in rural forests with over 85% native germinants on average. In contrast, vacant lots were dominated by non-native germinants and more ruderal species indicative of earlier successional stages. Seed banks in small parks were variable and in some cases were more similar to large parks or vacant lots.</p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b></p> <p>Our findings suggest that large parks in urban areas may be largely self-sustaining whereas smaller parks may require more intensive management for site rehabilitation, especially in early states of succession. Furthermore, our results confirm the highly heterogeneous nature of urban forest patches and call for more systematic sampling of urban areas to capture this variation and improve management prescriptions and outcomes.</p>
Data from: Dispersal mode mediates the effect of patch size and patch connectivity on metacommunity diversity
1. Metacommunity theory predicts that increasing patch size and patch connectivity can alter local species diversity by affecting either colonization rates, extinction rates or both. Although species' dispersal abilities or 'dispersal mode' (e.g. gravity-, wind- or animal-dispersed seeds) can mediate the effects of patch size and connectivity on diversity, these important factors are frequently overlooked in empirical metacommunity work. 2. We use a natural metacommunity of aspen stands within a grassland matrix to determine whether dispersal mode alters the influence of stand size and connectivity on understorey plant diversity. We sampled the same area in each patch, controlled for the presence of matrix species in aspen stands, and tested for the effects of size, connectivity and dispersal mode on metacommunity richness. Because dispersal groups responded differently to patch size and connectivity, we created a null model and assessed ungulate activity to explore whether competitive dynamics or herbivory were driving diversity patterns. 3. Animal-dispersed species and species with no dispersal aid had higher diversity per unit area in larger stands, likely because large stands can both support larger populations that are less prone to extinction and may also attract seed-dispersing animals such as birds and small mammals that are sensitive to edge effects. Consistent with other empirical work, we found a positive relationship between diversity and connectivity for wind-dispersed species. However, we detected a negative effect of stand connectivity on the diversity of species with no dispersal aid, possibly due to the presence of other highly competitive species groups dominating well-connected patches, as our null model results suggest. We found no evidence for higher ungulate activity in highly connected patches, suggesting that herbivory may not be driving the decline in diversity of plants with no dispersal aid. 4. Synthesis. Overall, we see a positive effect of stand area on diversity for most groups despite sampling equal area in all stands, which is a prediction of metacommunity theory that is normally overlooked. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering variation in the dispersal modes of focal species for explaining the diversity patterns of natural metacommunities.
Data from: Does white tail patch size indicate quality in male Cerulean Warblers (Setophaga cerulea)
Within species of birds, variation in plumage may allow potential mates or competitive rivals to quickly assess the quality of an individual. Little is known about the role of white tail feather patches ("tail white") in male Cerulean Warblers (Setophaga cerulea) and whether variation in patch size could serve as a signal. We hypothesized that the size of tail white patches in males acts as an honest signal of quality, with larger white patches indicating high quality males. We measured and compared the area of tail white to four estimates of quality (age, structural size, body mass, and blood parasite load) in 71 male Cerulean Warblers at the Queen's University Biological Station in eastern Ontario. We found that males 2 years old or older had significantly larger tail white patches than 1 year old males, and that structurally larger males (estimated by wing length) had significantly larger tail white patches than smaller males. Our best-performing statistical model suggested that heavier individuals had larger areas of tail white, but this relationship depended on wing length: white positively covaried with body mass in smaller individuals (shorter wings), but not in larger individuals. Our findings suggest that size of tail white patches may provide information on some, but not all, aspects of quality of male Cerulean Warblers; however, we do not know if this information is perceived and used by other Cerulean Warblers in nature.
Data from: Species patch size at seeding affects diversity and productivity responses in establishing grasslands
1. Species interactions in diverse plant communities affect community-scale functions such as above-ground biomass production, diversity and invasion resistance. While the strength of these formative interactions can be affected by the balance of inter- and intraspecific interactions among the resident species, it is unclear over what distances individuals typically interact in grasslands and whether or not species interactions at seeding can be effectively manipulated to improve these responses. 2. In a three-year study, we tested whether manipulating the size of seeded species patches affected above-ground biomass, diversity and invasion resistance in experimentally restored grassland plots (16 m2). Plots were divided into patches that were 1, 0.5, 0.25 or 0.125 m on a side, and the equivalent of 1 m2 in each plot was seeded with one of 16 grassland species (1728 seeds/m2). A final treatment involved mixing and broadcasting all seeds into an undivided plot to mimic typical restoration approaches. 3. Using successively smaller initial seed patches resulted in plots that were less diverse and initially more productive (~25% difference in second-year biomass production) than larger patch counterparts. Smaller patch plots also had a greater selection effect and experienced increases in resident species connectivity, suggesting that diversity declines and productivity gains resulted from the enhanced establishment and spread of more productive seeded species. 4. Plots seeded with larger patches of the resident species were initially more invaded than those seeded with smaller patches, but this effect diminished over time. This likely reflects the ability of the non-seeded species to more effectively colonize larger patches with poor seeded species establishment. 5. Mixed seeding plots were most similar to the smallest patch plots in their metrics of resident species spatial pattern, diversity and invasion resistance. However, these plots were initially less productive and had a weaker selection effect, which reflects a different compositional outcome, than the structured seeding plots. 6. Synthesis: Species interact over sub-metre scales in establishing tallgrass prairie and, once established, their patterns may change over time. Given these dynamics, structured seeding approaches may be used over traditional mixed seeding approaches to control species dominance and preserve seeded species diversity within grassland systems.
Dataset for: Effects of local open raceme density, patch size, and distance between patches on pollinator behavior responding to floral display size in Salvia nipponica
<p>Flowers cluster at various spatial scales, so pollinators use information from multiple scales when foraging in natural plant populations. Little is known about the effects of interactions between scales or their relative strength. We examined bumblebee foraging behaviour in a natural population of <em>Salvia</em> <em>nipponica</em> in 10 and 7 patches in 2019 and 2020, respectively. We recorded within-patch factors (display size of racemes and local open raceme densities) and patch-level factors (patch size and distance from the nearest patch) and analysed their relationships with pollinator behaviour. The numbers of visits per raceme and flower were mainly affected by the interaction of patch size and raceme density; they were higher in locations with lower raceme density in larger patches. The ratio of flowers visited to all open flowers in a raceme during a raceme visit, which relates to a bumblebee's choice to leave a raceme, was mainly affected by the interaction of display size and local open raceme density; in 2019, it was higher in racemes with smaller display sizes, while in 2020 the strength and direction of the relationship depended on the open raceme density. These results suggest that pollinators relied on the sizes of flower clusters at different spatial scales when visiting and leaving racemes and adjusted their responses to the sizes of flower clusters depending on the distances between clusters. Therefore, it is important to evaluate factors at various spatial scales and their interactions to fully understand pollinator behaviour in natural plant populations.</p>
Patch size distribution affects species invasion dynamics in dendritic networks
<div class="page"> <div class="section"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <p>Biological invasions are globally affecting ecosystems, causing local species loss and altering ecosystem functioning. Understanding how such biological invasions occur and succeed is thus of high priority. Both local properties and the spatial network structure have been shown to be determinants of invasion success, and the identification of spatial invasion hubs directly promoting invasion dynamics is gaining attention. Spatial dynamics, however, could also indirectly alter invasion success by shaping pre- invasion local community structure: in many ecosystems, such as riverine networks, regional properties such as patch size distribution are known drivers of local community structures, which themselves may affect the establishment success of invading species. Using microcosm experiments in dendritic networks, we disentangled how inherent patch size distribution and dispersal along specific network topologies shaped local resident communities, and, subsequently, affected the establishment success of invading species. After controlling for regional-scale effects of connectivity on pre-invasion diversity, we find that patch size distributions independently shaped pre-invasion community diversity and invasion success, with no direct effect of pre-invasion diversity on invasion success. Our results suggest that 1) landscape configuration plays an underestimated role in invasion success and that 2) invasion success should follow predictable landscape-scale patterns in riverine networks given non-random patch-size distribution.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>
Island biogeography at the meso-scale: distance from forest edge affects choice of patch size by ovipositing treefrogs
<p>Diversity in habitat patches is partly driven by variation in patch size, which affects extinction, and isolation, which affects immigration. Patch size also affects immigration as a component of patch quality. In wetland ecosystems, where variation in patch size and inter-patch distance is ubiquitous, relationships between size and isolation may involve trade-offs. We assayed treefrog oviposition at three patch sizes in arrays of two types, one where size increased with distance from forest (dispersed), and one with all patches equidistant from forest (equidistant), testing directly for an interaction between patch size and distance, which was highly significant. Medium patches in dispersed arrays received more eggs than those in equidistant arrays as use of typically preferred larger patches was reduced in dispersed arrays. Our results demonstrate a habitat selection trade-off between preferred large and less-preferred medium patches across small-scale variation in isolation. Such patch size/isolation relationships are critical to community assembly and to understanding how diversity is maintained within a metapopulation and metacommunity framework, especially as wetland habitat becomes increasingly rare and fragmented. These results bring lessons of Island Biogeography, writ large, to bear on questions at small scales where ecologists often work, and where habitat restoration is most often focused.</p>
Distribution. Subdivided into several isolated patches of different size: N sections located along Arctic shore in Russia from Northern Dvina River E to Kolyma River (Arkhangelsk Region, Nenets Autonomous District, SE Novaya Zemlya, Vaygach I, Northern Ural Mts, Yamal Peninsula, Belyy I, S Taymyr Peninsula, and N Yakutia), C section includes C Yakutia, and S sections extend from Kama River E to Amur River and from S Siberia S to Tian Shan and interfluve of Huang He and Yangtze in E China including Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, and China (NW Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia [= Nei Mongol], Heilongjiang, Hebei, and Henan). in Cricetidae
Distribution. Subdivided into several isolated patches of different size: N sections located along Arctic shore in Russia from Northern Dvina River E to Kolyma River (Arkhangelsk Region, Nenets Autonomous District, SE Novaya Zemlya, Vaygach I, Northern Ural Mts, Yamal Peninsula, Belyy I, S Taymyr Peninsula, and N Yakutia), C section includes C Yakutia, and S sections extend from Kama River E to Amur River and from S Siberia S to Tian Shan and interfluve of Huang He and Yangtze in E China including Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, and China (NW Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia [= Nei Mongol], Heilongjiang, Hebei, and Henan).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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