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Data from: Divergent trait and environment relationships among parallel radiations in Pelargonium (Geraniaceae): a role for evolutionary legacy?

Functional traits in closely related lineages are expected to vary similarly along common environmental gradients due to shared evolutionary and biogeographic history, or legacy effects, and due to biophysical tradeoffs in construction. We test these predictions in Pelargonium, a relatively recent evolutionary radiation. Bayesian phylogenetic mixed effects models assessed, at the subclade level, associations between plant height, leaf area, leaf nitrogen content and leaf mass per area (LMA), and five environmental variables capturing temperature and rainfall gradients across the Greater Cape Floristic Region of South Africa. Trait-trait integration was assessed via pairwise-correlations within subclades. Of 20 trait-environment associations, 17 differed among subclades. Signs of regression coefficients diverged for height, leaf area and leaf nitrogen content, but not for LMA. Subclades also differed in trait-trait relationships and these differences were modulated by rainfall seasonality. Leave-one-out cross-validation revealed that whether trait variation was better predicted by environmental predictors or trait-trait integration depended on the clade and trait in question. Legacy signals in trait-environment and trait-trait relationships were apparently lost during the earliest diversification of Pelargonium, but then retained during subsequent subclade evolution. Overall, we demonstrate that global-scale patterns are poor predictors of patterns of trait variation at finer geographic and taxonomic scales.

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Amino acid sequences of annotated genes in Pelargonium zonale

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opencc-by-4.0Oct 2023View details →

opencc-zeroJan 2020View details →

Character displacement drives floral variation in Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) communities

Interactions between plant community members are an underexplored driver of angiosperm floral variation. We investigate character displacement as a potential contributor to floral variation in Pelargonium communities. Pelargoniums all place pollen on the ventral sides of their pollinators, potentially leading to interspecific pollen transfer (IPT) in sympatry. We show that the positions of pollen placement and receipt are determined by anther and style exsertion lengths. Using field experiments, we demonstrate that heterospecific species experience high IPT if they have similar style lengths. In contrast, heterospecific species with greater style length differences experience less IPT. Using crosses, we show that IPT has negative consequences on seed set. In combination, these results suggest that character displacement in style length is likely to reduce IPT and increase female fitness in sympatry. Patterns of style length variation across twenty-nine different Pelargonium communities suggest that character displacement has occurred in multiple communities. Furthermore, analyses using a wide-ranging species pair show that style lengths are more different between sympatric populations than they are between allopatric populations. In addition to pollinators as agents of floral divergence, this study suggests that variation in Pelargonium community structure has driven style length variation through character displacement.Interactions between plant community members are an underexplored driver of angiosperm floral variation. We investigate character displacement as a potential contributor to floral variation in Pelargonium communities. Pelargoniums all place pollen on the ventral sides of their pollinators, potentially leading to interspecific pollen transfer (IPT) in sympatry. We show that the positions of pollen placement and receipt are determined by anther and style exsertion lengths. Using field experiments, we demonstrate that heterospecific species experience high IPT if they have similar style lengths. In contrast, heterospecific species with greater style length differences experience less IPT. Using crosses, we show that IPT has negative consequences on seed set. In combination, these results suggest that character displacement in style length is likely to reduce IPT and increase female fitness in sympatry. Patterns of style length variation across twenty-nine different Pelargonium communities suggest that character displacement has occurred in multiple communities. Furthermore, analyses using a wide-ranging species pair show that style lengths are more different between sympatric populations than they are between allopatric populations. In addition to pollinators as agents of floral divergence, this study suggests that variation in Pelargonium community structure has driven style length variation through character displacement.

publicMay 2018View details →

Data from: Divergent trait and environment relationships among parallel radiations in Pelargonium (Geraniaceae): a role for evolutionary legacy?

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publicJan 2020View details →

Character displacement drives floral variation in Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) communities

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opennotspecifiedJan 2022View details →

FIGURE 3 in Pelargonium pseudosetulosum (Geraniaceae), a new species in sect. Pelargonium from the Kogelberg-Kleinmond area in Western Cape Province, South Africa

FIGURE 3. Known distribution of Pelargonium setulosum (●) and P. pseudosetulosum (■), both species endemic to the Western Cape Province, South Africa.

opennotspecifiedJan 2022View details →

FIGURE 2 in Pelargonium pseudosetulosum (Geraniaceae), a new species in sect. Pelargonium from the Kogelberg-Kleinmond area in Western Cape Province, South Africa

FIGURE 2. Sepal vestiture and leaf shape in Pelargonium pseudosetulosum and P. setulosum. Both species have a mix of short, eglandular hairs and small glandular hairs on the sepals. The leaf blade in P. pseudosetulosum is usually entire and cordate to sub-circular with the apical tooth not markedly larger or sharper than the flanking teeth, but in P. setulosum the blade shape varies from entire to deeply incised, usually with the apical tooth sharply pointed and often longer than the flanking teeth. A. P. pseudosetulosum [Barker 1297 (NBG)]; B. P. setulosum [Esterhuysen 21074 (NBG)]; C. P. pseudosetuolsum [Vorster 2943 (PRE)]; D. P. setulosum [Van der Walt 1096 (PRE)]; E. P. setulosum [Le Roux 173 (PRE)]; F., H. P. setulosum [Van der Walt 916 (PRE)]; G. P. setulosum [Compton 5740 (NBG)]. Scale bar: A–B: 2 mm; C–G: 10 mm. A–F, H photographed by M.M. le Roux and G by M. Smith.

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FIGURE 1 in Pelargonium pseudosetulosum (Geraniaceae), a new species in sect. Pelargonium from the Kogelberg-Kleinmond area in Western Cape Province, South Africa

FIGURE 1. Flowers of Pelargonium pseudosetulosum, a new species from the Kleinmond-Kogelberg area, and its morphologically closest relative, P. setulosum. A. P. pseudosetulosum; B. P. setulosum. Photographed by M.M. le Roux (A) and T. Rebelo (iNaturalist) (B).

Figure 4 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum

Figure 4. Comparison of mean ± standard error (SE) of various aspects of sternotribic and nototribic foraging efficiency for different foraging behaviours. (a) Number of open flowers per visited inflorescence. (b) Number of probed flowers per visited inflorescence. (c) The proportion of probed flowers per visited inflorescence. None of the comparisons were significantly different (P <0.05).

Figure 3 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum

Figure 3. Mean proportion ± 95% confidence interval (CI) of direction of flower probing based on (a) Cinnyris chalybeus sex and (b) foraging behaviour. Different letters indicate significant differences (P <0.05). Hovering behaviour was not included in the statistical analysis as it always resulted in sternotrobic foraging.

Figure 1 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum

Figure 1. Pelargonium fulgidum plants and Cinnyris chalybeus sunbird pollinators. (a) Plants of P. fulgidum flower in dense coastal scrub on sand dunes along the west coast of South Africa. (b) Top view of the fan-shaped P. fulgidum inflorescence, showing the number of open flowers and the angles among open flowers and peduncle. (c) Side view of P. fulgidum inflorescence, showing the angles of peduncle and pedicels. (d) Male C. chalybeus with its slightly decurved bill. (e) Pelargonium fulgidum flower in longitudinal cross section, showing the slightly upcurved nectar tube and the reproductive parts partly blocking the flower entrance. Scale bars: b, d = 10 mm; e = 5 mm.

Figure 2 in Variable foraging and flower probing behaviour of sunbird pollinators of the South African Pelargonium fulgidum

Figure 2. All different foraging positions and perch uses observed in this study. (a) Nototribic foraging by a Cinnyris chalybeus male using an alternative perch. (b) Nototrobic foraging by a C. chalybeus male using the inflorescence as perch. (c) Sternotribic foraging by a C. chalybeus female using the inflorescence as perch. (d) Sternotrobic foraging by a C. chalybeus female using an alternative perch. (e) Sternotribic foraging by a C. chalybeus female while hovering. The association between bird sex and flower probing direction is not representative.

FIGURE 5 in Phylogenetics, character evolution and a subgeneric revision of the genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae)

FIGURE 5. Ancestral states hypanthium length, petal colour, petal ratio and nectar guide types in Pelargonium, based on the Bayesian consensus topology for both intergenic spacer region (atpB-rbcL, trnL-F). Pie charts on nodes show state probabilities. Explanation of character states in legend.

FIGURE 1 in Phylogenetics, character evolution and a subgeneric revision of the genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae)

FIGURE 1. Flower diversity of Pelargonium. Photographs arranged according to major clades, showing variation in flower shape, colour and nectar guides. Scale bars approximately represent 1 cm. A–J (clade A): A Pelargonium nanum, B P. ovale subsp. ovale, C P. quercifolium, D P. cucullatum subsp. cucullatum, E P. echinatum, F P. crithmifolium, G P. multiradiatum, H P. schizopetalum I P. pulchellum, J P. triandrum, K–P (clade B): K P. minimum, L P. columbinum, M 'P. geniculatum', N P. ionidiflorum, O P. abrotanifolium, P P. dichondrifolium, Q–V (clade C1): Q P. antidysentericum subsp. antidysentericum, R P. tragacanthoides, S P. paemorsum subsp. praemorsum, T P. caucalifolium subsp. caucalifolium, U P. mollicomum, V P. tetragonum, W–AB (clade C2): W P. barklyi, X P. acetosum, Y P. frutetorum, Z P. grandicalcaratum, AA P. endlicherianum, AB P. caylae. All photographs by J. RÖschenbleck.

FIGURE 4 in Phylogenetics, character evolution and a subgeneric revision of the genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae)

FIGURE 4. Tree from the maximum likelihood analysis using the combined atpB-rbcL and trnL-F spacer regions. Bootstrap values are shown above branches and posterior probabilities from the Bayesian analysis of the same data below branches. Posterior probabilities in brackets: Node was not present in the Bayesian consensus topology. Phylogram showing relative branch lengths from ML analysis with outgroups pruned from tree. Clade denotations on the right: sections and subgenera (vertical). Asterisks behind sectional names: delimitation, suggested here, deviates from most recent circumscription of section.

FIGURE 3 in Phylogenetics, character evolution and a subgeneric revision of the genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae)

FIGURE 3. Majority rule consensus tree from the maximum parsimony analyses of the combined atpB-rbcL and trnL-F spacer regions. Bootstrap values are given above branches, for datasets combined with indel characters from simple indel coding (left) and without indels (right). Bremer support values from analysis with indel coding below branches. Values in brackets: Node was not present in the respective tree topology. Black squares represent indels within the atpB-rbcL intergenic spacer, light squares indicate indels within the trnL-F region. Numbers indicate indel lengths (bp). Denotations on the right: sectional names (bold) and most current sectional assignment of single species (not bold). Asterisks behind species names: only informally assigned to the respective section.

FIGURE 2 in Phylogenetics, character evolution and a subgeneric revision of the genus Pelargonium (Geraniaceae)

FIGURE 2. Types of nectar guides in Pelargonium. Aa–Ac: dark veins, Ac feathery veins; Ba–Bd eyespots, Bc–Bd reduced forms; Ca–Cb: basal markings, Ca basal blotch, Cb basal reticulate pattern, short basal veined markings not depicted; Da–Dd: central markings, Da–Db central spots, Dc–Dd central stripes to nearly complete covering.