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147 results for “Pennsylvanian”
Conodont faunas across the Kasimovian–Gzhelian boundary (late Pennsylvanian) in South China and implications for the selection of the stratotype for the base of the global Gzhelian stage
The upper Pennsylvanian Naqing and Narao carbonate successions were deposited in intra-platform slope to basinal settings across the Kasimovian-Gzhelian boundary in Guizhou, South China. Conodont faunas comprise a mixture of the endemic taxa of the Idiognathodus luodianensis group and cosmopolitan species of the I. simulator group. The I. luodianensis group includes the new species I. fengtingensis, I. luodianensis, I. naqingensis and I. naraoensis. Platform landmark analysis demonstrates that the species of the I. luodianensis group differ in morphological features from co-occurring species of the I. simulator group. Both groups display similar increasing asymmetry in P1 element pairs across the Kasimovian-Gzhelian boundary, as recognized on the basis of the first occurrence of I. simulator. Many Kasimovian Idiognathodus species disappear and several Gzhelian species first appear with I. simulator, including two new species of Streptognathodus, S. nemyrovskae and S. zhihaoi. Just below the base of the Gzhelian, carbonate δ13C falls from 4‰ to 2‰ in both sections. The combination of an abrupt faunal turnover immediately above the prominent negative δ13C excursion might represent an oceanic event in South China, maybe recognizable on a global scale. One of these two South China sections may be the best location to place the GSSP for the base of the Gzhelian Stage.
Fig. 1 in A new griffenfly genus and species from the Early Pennsylvanian of the Xiaheyan locality (Ningxia, China) (Insecta: Odonatoptera)
Fig. 1. Map of fossil locality. Red triangle = fossil locality; grey dotted line = limits of regions; continuous double line = secondary road; black and white dotted lines = main roads. Scale bar = 10 km.
Fig. 3 in A new griffenfly genus and species from the Early Pennsylvanian of the Xiaheyan locality (Ningxia, China) (Insecta: Odonatoptera)
Fig. 3. Sinoerasipteron xiaheyanensis Nel & Huang gen. et sp. nov., holotype (NIGP202927). Reconstruction. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Fig. 2 in A new griffenfly genus and species from the Early Pennsylvanian of the Xiaheyan locality (Ningxia, China) (Insecta: Odonatoptera)
Fig. 2. Sinoerasipteron xiaheyanensis Nel & Huang gen. et sp. nov., holotype (NIGP202927). Photograph. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Figure 1 in A new, rare and small "lobeattid" species (Insecta: Archaeorthoptera) found at Xiaheyan (Pennsylvanian; Ningxia, China)
Figure 1. Phtanomiamia gui gen. et sp. nov., holotype (specimen CNU-NX1-324): (a) interpretative drawing (the asterisk indicates the free portion of CuA) and (b) photograph (composite, light mirrored).
Data for: Freeze tolerance influenced forest cover and hydrology during the Pennsylvanian
<p><span>Global forest cover affects the Earth system by altering surface mass and energy exchange. Physiology determines plant environmental limits and influences geographical vegetation distribution. Ancient plant physiology, therefore, likely affected vegetation-climate feedbacks. We combine climate modeling and ecosystem-process modeling to simulate arboreal vegetation in the late Paleozoic ice age. Using GENESIS V3 GCM simulations, varying <i><span>p</span></i>CO<sub><span>2</span></sub>, <i><span>p</span></i>O<sub><span>2</span></sub>, and ice extent for the Pennsylvanian, and fossil-derived leaf C:N, maximum stomatal conductance, and specific conductivity for several major Carboniferous plant groups, we simulated global ecosystem processes at a 2-degree (longitude, latitude)</span><span> resolution with </span><i>Paleo</i>-BGC<span>. Based on leaf water constraints, Pangaea could have supported widespread arboreal plant growth and forest cover. However, these models do not account for the impacts of freezing on plants. According to our interpretation, freezing would have affected plants in 89% of unglaciated land during peak glacial periods, and 65% during the warmer interglacials. Comparing forest cover, minimum temperatures, and paleo-locations of Pennsylvanian-aged plant fossils from the Paleobiology Database supports restriction of global forest extent due to freezing. Many genera were limited to </span>25% <span>of unglaciated land where temperatures remained above −</span>4°C<span>. Freeze-intolerance of Pennsylvanian arboreal vegetation had the potential to alter surface runoff, silicate weathering, CO<sub><span>2</span></sub><span> levels, and</span> climate forcing. As a bounding case, we assume total plant mortality at </span>−4°C <span>and estimate that contracting forest cover increased net global surface runoff by up to 6.1%. Repeated freezing likely influenced freeze- and drought-tolerance evolution in lineages like the coniferophytes, which became increasingly dominant in the Permian and early Mesozoic.</span></p>
Text-fig. 2. Dichotomising terminal shoots of Lepidodendron ophiurus BRONGN. from Brymbo (bed C4). No 2013.43G.147 (National Museum of Wales) (from Thomas et al. 2019). in Why Lycospora Dominated Many Pennsylvanian Spore Assemblages
Text-fig. 2. Dichotomising terminal shoots of Lepidodendron ophiurus BRONGN. from Brymbo (bed C4). No 2013.43G.147 (National Museum of Wales) (from Thomas et al. 2019).
Text-fig. 4. Dispersed megaspores on the surface of 1,000 mm2 of shale at Brymbo (a) with an enlargement showing Lagenicula horrida ZERNDT (b). in Why Lycospora Dominated Many Pennsylvanian Spore Assemblages
Text-fig. 4. Dispersed megaspores on the surface of 1,000 mm2 of shale at Brymbo (a) with an enlargement showing Lagenicula horrida ZERNDT (b).
Text-fig. 1. Lycospora. a: Microspore from the bisporangiate cone Flemingites gracilis CARRUTH. (from Brack-Hanes and Thomas 1983). This type of microspore should be referred to Microspinosporites BEK. b: Flanged microspore from the microsporangiate cone Lepidostrobus binneyanus A.ARBER (from Thomas 1970), same magnification as in (a). c, d: Microscpores from the microsporangiate cone Lepidostrobus brownii (UNGER) SCHIMP. (from Thomas and Bek 2014). in Why Lycospora Dominated Many Pennsylvanian Spore Assemblages
Text-fig. 1. Lycospora. a: Microspore from the bisporangiate cone Flemingites gracilis CARRUTH. (from Brack-Hanes and Thomas 1983). This type of microspore should be referred to Microspinosporites BEK. b: Flanged microspore from the microsporangiate cone Lepidostrobus binneyanus A.ARBER (from Thomas 1970), same magnification as in (a). c, d: Microscpores from the microsporangiate cone Lepidostrobus brownii (UNGER) SCHIMP. (from Thomas and Bek 2014).
Text-fig. 3. Terminal cone attached to Lepidodendron ophiurus BRONGN., leafy shoot. No. 2013.43G.120 (National Museum of Wales). in Why Lycospora Dominated Many Pennsylvanian Spore Assemblages
Text-fig. 3. Terminal cone attached to Lepidodendron ophiurus BRONGN., leafy shoot. No. 2013.43G.120 (National Museum of Wales).
FIGURE 21 in Stenolaemate bryozoans from the Graham Formation, Pennsylvanian (Virgilian) at Lost Creek Lake, Texas, USA
FIGURE 21. Bryozoan diversity indices in profiles B and C (species richness, Shannon index, and Fisher's α). Diversity indices were counted using PAST version 1.81 (Hammer et al., 2001).
FIGURE 18. Septopora blanda Moore, 1929 in Stenolaemate bryozoans from the Graham Formation, Pennsylvanian (Virgilian) at Lost Creek Lake, Texas, USA
FIGURE 18. Septopora blanda Moore, 1929 (A–C): A, B – tangential section showing autozooecial apertures and chambers, and cyclozooecia (arrows) (XCI 47); C – tangential section showing autozooecial chambers and cyclozooecia (XCI 54). Penniretepora flexistriata Richards, 1959 (D–J): D–F – colony fragments with autozooecial apertures with apertural pores (arrows) and stellate structures, divided by low undulating keel (D: (XCI 121), E–F: (XCI 122); G – autozooecial aperture with apertural pore (arrow) and stellate structure (XCI 123); H, I – thin section showing autozooecial chambers (XCI 83); J – thin section showing autozooecial apertures with apertural pore (arrow) (XCI 82).
FIGURE 20 in Stenolaemate bryozoans from the Graham Formation, Pennsylvanian (Virgilian) at Lost Creek Lake, Texas, USA
FIGURE 20. Distribution of bryozoan growth forms (number of fragments) within the profiles B and C (samples B1-B4 contained almost no bryozoans).
FIGURE 16. Polypora triangularis Rogers, 1900 in Stenolaemate bryozoans from the Graham Formation, Pennsylvanian (Virgilian) at Lost Creek Lake, Texas, USA
FIGURE 16. Polypora triangularis Rogers, 1900 (A–G): A–C – colony fragments with intact chambers of reproductive heterozooecia (XCI 114); D – branch fragment with nanozooecia (XCI 115); E, F – branch fragment with autozooecial apertures with proximal pores (arrows) (XCI 116); G – branch fragment with nodes on the reverse side (XCI 117). Polypora aff. hexagona Moore, 1929 (H, I) – colony fragment with fenestrules, autozooecial apertures, and nodes (XCI 118).
FIGURE 14 in Stenolaemate bryozoans from the Graham Formation, Pennsylvanian (Virgilian) at Lost Creek Lake, Texas, USA
FIGURE 14. Cavernella praecavifera (Schulga-Nesterenko, 1951) (A–D): A – tangential section showing autozooecial apertures and chambers (XCI 69); B–D – tangential section showing cavernozooecia (arrows) (XCI 73). Acupipora elliptica (Rogers, 1900) (E) – colony fragment showing fenestrules, autozooecial apertures and nodes (XCI 113).
FIGURE 11. Laxifenestella placida Moore, 1929 in Stenolaemate bryozoans from the Graham Formation, Pennsylvanian (Virgilian) at Lost Creek Lake, Texas, USA
FIGURE 11. Laxifenestella placida Moore, 1929 (A–D): A – tangential section showing autozooecial apertures and keel with nodes (XCI 35); B – deep tangential section showing autozooecial chambers with hemisepta (XCI 65); C, D – colony fragment showing fenestrules, autozooecial apertures and keels with nodes (XCI 108). Laxifenestella texana n. sp. (E, F) – tangential section showing fenestrules, autozooecial apertures and chambers, keels with nodes, and reproductive heterozooecia (arrows), holotype (XCI 81).
FIGURE 10. Chainodictyon minor Ulrich, 1890 in Stenolaemate bryozoans from the Graham Formation, Pennsylvanian (Virgilian) at Lost Creek Lake, Texas, USA
FIGURE 10. Chainodictyon minor Ulrich, 1890, (A): longitudinal thin section showing autozooecial chambers (XCI 42). Fabifenestella compactilis (Condra, 1902) (B–G): B – tangential section showing autozooecial apertures and chambers with hemisepta (XCI 49); C–E – fragment of colony showing fenestrules, autozooecial apertures and keels with nodes (arrow – apertural pore) (XCI 107); F, G – tangential section showing autozooecial apertures and chambers with hemisepta, and keels with nodes (XCI 62). Laxifenestella placida Moore, 1929 (H) – deep tangential section showing autozooecial chambers with hemisepta (XCI 65).
FIGURE 9. Rhombocladia delicata Rogers, 1900 in Stenolaemate bryozoans from the Graham Formation, Pennsylvanian (Virgilian) at Lost Creek Lake, Texas, USA
FIGURE 9. Rhombocladia delicata Rogers, 1900: (A) – transversal thin section (XCI 22c), (B) – branch longitudinal thin section (XCI 22b). Chainodictyon minor Ulrich, 1890, (C–G): C – branch fragment and colony surface showing autozooecial apertures (XCI 106); D – branch reverse side showing transversal striation (XCI 125); E–G – tangential thin section showing fenestrules, autozooecial apertures and chambers, and a leptozooecium (arrow) (XCI 37).
FIGURE 8. Rhombopora lepidodendroides Meek, 1872 in Stenolaemate bryozoans from the Graham Formation, Pennsylvanian (Virgilian) at Lost Creek Lake, Texas, USA
FIGURE 8. Rhombopora lepidodendroides Meek, 1872 (A–C): A – branch transverse section (XCI 58a); B, C – branch longitudinal section showing autozooecial chambers and aktinotostyles in autozooecial wall (XCI 45b). Streblotrypa (Streblotrypa) multipora Warthin, 1930 (D–G): D, E – branch fragment showing autozooecial apertures and metazooecia (XCI 104); F – branch transverse section showing autozooecial chambers and axial bundle (XCI 39b); G – branch longitudinal section showing branch transverse section showing autozooecial chambers with hemisepta (arrows) and axial bundle (XCI 40). Rhombocladia delicata Rogers, 1900 (XCI 105) (H–I) – branch fragment (H) and colony surface showing autozooecial apertures, acanthostyles and paurostyles (I).
FIGURE 6. Cystodictya formosa Moore, 1929 in Stenolaemate bryozoans from the Graham Formation, Pennsylvanian (Virgilian) at Lost Creek Lake, Texas, USA
FIGURE 6. Cystodictya formosa Moore, 1929 (A–B): A – deep tangential section showing autozooecial chambers with hemisepta and vesicular skeleton (XCI 27); B – branch transverse section showing mesotheca, autozooecial chambers and vesicles (XCI 23c). Goniocladia grahamensis Moore, 1929 (C–E): branch fragment showing the shape of fenestrule, ridges on branches and autozooecial apertures with lunaria (XCI 100). Dyscritella felixi n. sp. (F–H): F – colony encrusting a brachiopod spine (holotype XCI 101); G – colony surface showing autozooecial apertures, exilazooecia, and acanthostyles; H – tangential thin section showing autozooecial apertures, exilazooecia, and acanthostyles (paratype XCI 86).
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