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499 results for “Phenotypic plasticity”
Data from: Visual pigment chromophore usage in Nicaraguan Midas cichlids: Phenotypic plasticity and genetic assimilation of cyp27c1 expression
<p>Code and Data associated with "Visual pigment chromophore usage in Nicaraguan Midas cichlids: Phenotypic plasticity and genetic assimilation of <em>cyp27c1</em> expression"</p> <h2><span>Abstract</span></h2> <p><span>The wide-ranging photic conditions found across aquatic habitats may act as selective pressures potentially driving rapid evolution and diversity in the visual system of teleost fishes. Fine-tuning of visual sensitivities in many fish species relies on regulating the two components of visual pigments, the opsin protein and the chromophore. Many studies have focused on opsin gene expression or opsin sequence divergence in fishes inhabiting contrasting habitats. However, variation in chromophore usage across photic habitats has received less attention. Species from the Nicaraguan Midas cichlid complex, <em>Amphilophus </em>cf <em>citrinellus </em>[Günther 1864], have independently colonized seven isolated crater lakes of varying photic conditions resulting in repeated examples of small adaptive radiations. Here, we investigate variation in <em>cyp27c1</em>, the main enzyme involved in chromophore exchange, in response to photic environments in the wild, we measure its genetic component using laboratory-reared fish and test the effect of different rearing light conditions on <em>cyp27c1</em> expression. We found that photic environments significantly predict variation in <em>cyp27c1</em> expression in wild populations and that this variation seems to be genetically assimilated in two populations. We found that light-induced <em>cyp27c1</em> expression is variable across populations (i.e., genotype-by-environment interactions) and correlated with local photic conditions thus highlighting <em>cyp27c1</em> as a key factor of visual ecology in cichlid fishes.</span></p> <p><span>Keywords: <em>cyp27c1 </em>gene expression, sensory ecology, visual plasticity, Neotropical cichlids </span></p>
Selection for phenotypic plasticity in Rana sylvatica tadpoles, 1998.
The hypothesis that phenotypic plasticity is an adaptation to environmental variation rests on the two assumptions that plasticity improves the performance of individuals that possess it, and that it evolved in response to selection imposed in heterogeneous environments. The first assumption has been upheld by studies showing the beneficial nature of plasticity. The second assumption is difficult to test since it requires knowing about selection acting in the past. However, it can be tested in its general form by asking whether natural selection currently acts to maintain phenotypic plasticity. We adopted this approach in a study of plastic morphological traits in larvae of the wood frog, Rana sylvatica. First we reared tadpoles in artificial ponds for 18 days, in either the presence or absence of Anax dragonfly larvae (confined within cages to prevent them from killing the tadpoles). These conditioning treatments produced dramatic differences in size and shape: tadpoles from ponds with predators were smaller and had relatively short bodies and deep tail fins. We estimated selection by Anax on the two kinds of tadpoles by testing for non-random mortality in overnight predation trials. Dragonflies imposed strong selection by preferentially killing individuals with relatively shallow and short tail fins, and narrow tail muscles. The same traits that exhibited the strongest plasticity were under the strongest selection, except that tail muscle width exhibited no plasticity but experienced strong increasing selection. A laboratory competition experiment, testing for selection in the absence of predators, showed that tadpoles with deep tail fins grew relatively slowly. In the cattle tanks, where there were also no free predators, the predator-induced phenotype survived more poorly and developed slowly, but this cost was apparently not associated with particular morphological traits. These results indicate that selection is currently promoting morphological plasticity in
Predator- and competitor-induced plasticity: How changes in foraging morphology affect phenotypic trade-offs.
Studies of phenotypic plasticity frequently demonstrate functional trade-offs between alternative phenotypes by documenting environment-specific costs and benefits. However, the functional mechanisms underlying these trade-offs are often unknown. For example, predator-induced traits typically provide superior predator resistance but slower growth, while competitor-induced traits provide better growth but inferior predator resistance. While the mechanisms underlying predator resistance have been identified, the mechanisms underlying differential growth have remained elusive. To determine whether competitor and predator environments affect individual growth by induced changes in foraging morphology, we raised wood frog tadpoles (Rana sylvatica) under a factorial combination of competitors and predators and assessed changes in mouthparts that might affect growth. In general, competitors induced relatively larger oral discs, wider beaks, and longer tooth rows, while predators induced relatively smaller oral discs, narrower beaks, and shorter tooth rows. These effects were interactive; the largest competitor-induced responses occurred under high predator density and the largest predator-induced responses occurred under low competition. Further, one of the tooth rows that commonly appeared under low predation risk was frequently absent under high predation risk. These discoveries suggest that predator and competitor environments can have profound effects on prey foraging structures and that these effects set up growth trade-offs between phenotypes that favor the evolution of phenotypically plastic responses.
Phenotypic plasticity in response to fine-grained environmental variation in predation.
1. In nature, organisms experience environmental variability at coarse-grained (inter-generational) and fine-grained (intra-generational) scales and a common response to environmental variation is phenotypic plasticity. The emphasis of most empirical work on plasticity has been on examining coarse-grained variation with the goal of understanding the costs and benefits of plastic responses in response to a particular environment. 2. In this study, we investigated the effects of fine-grained variation in predation on the inducible defences of larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) by widely altering the density and feeding schedule of caged predators (Dytiscusspp.) while holding average predation constant. 3. We found that predator cues induced change in tadpole behaviour, morphology, and mass. Surprisingly, however, temporal variation in predation did not cause the tadpoles to alter their activity (compared to a constant predation treatment) or mass. Temporal variation in predation did alter tadpole tail depth, but only when experiencing our most extreme variation treatment in which the predators were fed once every 8 days. Under these conditions, the predator-induced tadpole tail was less extreme compared to environments containing constant predation. 4. While a number of previous studies have examined behavioural responses of prey to temporal variation in predation risk without holding average predation constant, this appears to be the first test of temporal variation per se. As in previous studies of organism responses to temporal variation in resources, our results suggest that fine-grained environmental variability can affect the expression of phenotypically plastic traits, but our tadpoles appear to be generally unresponsive to this finegrained variation for many of their traits.
Relyea, R. A. 2002. Local population differences in phenotypic plasticity: Predator-induced changes in wood frog tadpoles. Ecological Monographs 72:77-93
Taxa that are divided into separate populations with low levels of interpopulation dispersal have the potential to evolve genetically based differences in their phenotypes and the plasticity of those phenotypes. These differences can be due to random processes, including genetic drift and founder effects, or they can be the result of different selection pressures among populations. I investigated population-level differences in predator- induced phenotypic plasticity in eight populations of larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) over a small geographic scale (interpopulation distances of 0.3–8 km). Using a common-garden experiment containing predator and no-predator environments, I found population differences in behavior, morphology, and life history. These responses exhibited a habitat-related pattern: the four populations from closed-canopy ponds did not differ from each other in any of their phenotypes whereas the four populations from opencanopy ponds did differ from each other in these traits. This phenotypic pattern matches the pattern of competitors and predators found in these two types of ponds. Based on two years of pond surveys, the four closed-canopy ponds contained very similar competitor and predator assemblages while the assemblages of the four open-canopy ponds were more diverse and highly variable among open-canopy ponds. When combined with past studies, which demonstrate that predators and competitors select for alternative behavioral and morphological traits, these patterns suggest that the population differences may have arisen via natural selection and not via random mutation or drift. In a second experiment, I cross-transplanted two of the populations into each other’s ponds to determine if the populations were locally adapted to the conditions of their native pond (using low and high competition crossed with the presence or absence of a lethal predator). The populations continued to exhibit phenotypic differences, and one of the two populations t
Code and Data for: "Signs of local adaptation and phenotypic plastic response to elevation shifted between environmental backgrounds in Snapdragon plants"
<p>Code and data for manuscript: "Signs of local adaptation and phenotypic plastic response to elevation shifted between environmental backgrounds in Snapdragon plants"</p>
Fig. 3 in Phenotypic plasticity associated to environmental hypoxia in the neotropical serrasalmid Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)
Fig. 3. Response curves of three morphological variables of Piaractus mesopotamicus (proportion of increase) respect to dissolved oxygen gradient. Black arrow indicates the DO concentration determined for the inflection point of the reaction norm.
Fig. 1 in Phenotypic plasticity associated to environmental hypoxia in the neotropical serrasalmid Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)
Fig. 1. Development and reversion of the three morphological variables exposed to nine hours of hypoxia, followed by three hours of normoxia in Piaractus mesopotamicus. (a) lower lip, (b) maxillary, and (c) opercular valve. Capital letters above box plots indicate groups in multiple comparisons (Tukey's tests) after repeated measures ANOVA.
Fig. 4 in Phenotypic plasticity associated to environmental hypoxia in the neotropical serrasalmid Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)
Fig. 4. Response curves of behavioral and respiratory variables of Piaractus mesopotamicus respect to dissolved oxygen gradient. Black arrow indicates inflection point given by the four parameters logistic function. The curve fitted to data points is not shown for horizontal and vertical movements due to the great dispersion.
Fig. 5 in Phenotypic plasticity associated to environmental hypoxia in the neotropical serrasalmid Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)
Fig. 5. Comparisons of plasticity among behavioral (a), respiratoy (b) and morphological traits (c) of Piaractus mesopotamicus as measured by the coefficient of variation (CV) across the DO gradient. Capital letters above box plots indicate groups in multiple comparison Tukey's tests after a one way ANOVA. Names of traits as defined in the text.
Fig. 2 in Phenotypic plasticity associated to environmental hypoxia in the neotropical serrasalmid Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg, 1887) (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae)
Fig. 2. Photographs showing increases in size of the three morphological traits of Piaractus mesopotamicus analyzed exposed to extreme hypoxia: (a) lower lip, (b) maxillary, and (c) opercular valve. White arrow indicates the area where the expansion of dermal tissue occurred.
Effects of phenotypic plasticity on species coexistence
<p>Data generated during a study on the effects of phenotypic plasticity on species coexistence.</p> <p>Hess_etal_Data_Competition_01.csv contains data generated during competition trials between two species (Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza). Prior to the competition trials, replicate populations of these species were subject to one of two different levels of an experimental treatment - either low-frequency plasticity-induction or a high-frequency plasticity-induction. Refer to manuscript for full details.</p> <p>Hess_etal_Data_Traits_01.csv contains data on morphological traits of Lemna minor and Spirodela polyrhiza subject to either low- or high-frequency plasticity-induction. Refer to manuscript for full details.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Simulation code for: The role of phenotypic plasticity in the establishment of range margins
<p>It has been argued that adaptive phenotypic plasticity may facilitate range expansions over spatially and temporally variable environments. However, plasticity may induce fitness costs. This may hinder the evolution of plasticity. Earlier modelling studies examined the role of plasticity during range expansions of populations with fixed genetic variance. However, genetic variance evolves in natural populations. This may critically alter model outcomes. We ask: How does the capacity for plasticity in populations with evolving genetic variance alter range margins that populations without the capacity for plas- ticity are expected to attain? We answered this question using computer simulations and analytical approximations. We found a critical plasticity cost above which the capacity for plasticity has no impact on the expected range of the population. Below the critical cost, by contrast, plasticity facilitates range expansion, extending the range in comparison to that expected for populations without plasticity. We further found that populations may evolve plasticity to buffer temporal environmental fluctuations, but only when the plasticity cost is below the critical cost. Thus, the cost of plasticity is a key factor involved in range expansions of populations with the potential to express plastic response in the adaptive trait.</p> <p>This article is part of the theme issue 'Species ranges in the face of changing environments (Part I)'.</p>
Phenotypic plasticity and genetic diversity in a polyploid Arabidopsis complex
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Polyploid species possess more than two sets of chromosomes and may show high gene redundancy, hybrid vigor and masking of deleterious alleles compared to their parent species. Following this, it is hypothesized that this makes them better at adapting to novel environments than their parent species, possibly due to phenotypic plasticity. The allopolyploid <em>Arabidopsis suecica </em>and its parent species <em>A. arenosa</em> and <em>A. thaliana</em> were chosen as a model system to investigate relationships between phenotypic plasticity, fitness and genetic variation. Particularly, we test if <em>A. suecica</em> is more plastic, show higher genetic diversity and/or have higher fitness than its parent species. Wild Norwegian populations of each species were analyzed for phenotypic responses to differences in availability of nutrient, water and light, while genetic diversity was assessed through analysis of AFLP markers. <em>Arabidopsis arenosa</em> showed a higher level of phenotypic plasticity and higher levels of genetic diversity than the two other species, probably related to its outbreeding reproduction strategy. Furthermore, a general positive relationship between genetic diversity and phenotypic plasticity was found. Low genetic diversity were found in the inbreeding <em>A. thaliana</em>. Geographic spacing of populations might explain the clear genetic structure in <em>A. arenosa</em>, while the lack of structure in <em>A. suecica </em>could be due to coherent populations. Fitness measured as allocation of resources to reproduction, pointed towards <em>A. arenosa</em> having lower fitness under poor environmental conditions. <em>Arabidopsis </em><em>suecica</em>, on the other hand, showed tendencies towards keeping up fitness under different environmental conditions. </span></p>
Data for: Associations between leaf developmental stability, canalization and phenotypic plasticity in an architectural perspective
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Associations between developmental stability, canalization and phenotypic plasticity have been predicted, but rarely supported by direct evidence. Architectural analysis may provide a more powerful approach to finding correlations among these mechanisms in plants. T</span><span>o investigate the relationships among the three mechanisms in architectural perspective, w</span><span>e </span><span>subjected plants of </span><em><span>Abutilon theophrasti</span></em><span> to three densities, measured and calculated </span><span>fluctuating asymmetry (FA), coefficients of variation (CV)</span><span> and </span><span>plasticity (PI) of three leaf traits, to analyze the </span><span>correlations among these variables.</span><span> As density increased, mean leaf size, petiole length and angle of most layers and mean leaf FA of some layers decreased (at both stages), CV of petiole angle increased (at day 50), and PI of petiole length and angle across all layers decreased (at day 70); leaf FA and CV of traits generally increased with higher layers at all densities. At both stages, there were more positive correlations between FA and CV at lower vs. high densities; at day 50, little correlation of plasticity with FA or CV was found; at day 70, more positive correlations between FA and PI occurred for response to high vs. low density than for response to medium vs. low density, and more positive correlations between CV and PI occurred at lower vs. high densities. Results suggested that developmental instability, decreased canalization and plasticity can be cooperative and the relationships between decreased canalization and plasticity are more likely to be positive if decreased canalization is due to vibrant growth rather than stressful effects. The relationships of plasticity with developmental instability differed from its relationship with decreased canalization in the way of variation. Decreased canalization should be more beneficial for possible plasticity in the future, while canalization may result from already-expressed plasticity.</span></p>
Inbreeding depression, functional traits and phenotypic plasticity in an endangered tree species from Congo basin with a mixed mating system
<h3><span>Inbreeding depression, functional traits and phenotypic plasticity in an endangered tree species from Congo basin with a mixed mating system</span></h3> <h1><a name="_Hlk166486742"></a><strong><span>Abstract</span></strong></h1> <p><span><span>1. Most tree species can suffer from inbreeding depression (ID), which they escape by reproducing predominantly through outcrossing. A remarkable exception is <em>Pericopsis elata</em>, an African timber species naturally producing 54% of self-fertilized seeds in the eastern Congo Basin. This species is highly logged and suffers from a deficit of natural regeneration, so that silviculture is needed for its sustainable management. While selecting good genetic material can increase the value of plantations, we lack fundamental biological knowledge on the effect of inbreeding and competition on growth potential, variability in leaf traits and phenotypic plasticity. We hypothesize that ID in <em>P. elata</em> could result from the expression of deleterious mutations affecting functional traits, or from a reduction of adaptive phenotypic plasticity in inbred genotypes.</span></span></p> <p><span><span>2. To test our hypotheses, 540 <em>P. elata</em> seedlings were monitored for 4 years in a Nelder-type device located in the DRC, in which trees were planted along concentric circles to generate a density gradient. Nine leaf morphological traits (including specific leaf area, stomata density and size), eight leaf chemical traits, diameter, and total height were measured regularly, while paternity analyses allowed distinguishing inbred and outbred plants. To explain the observed ID on growth, we tested whether inbreeding affected leaf traits and/or their plasticity expressed across years, across the density gradient or across sunlight exposure. </span></span></p> <p><span><span>3. Outbred plants grew faster than inbred ones, demonstrating ID for each level of competition. Despite the significant correlation found between specific leaf area and growth, and the impact of planting density, plant age, and leaf exposure to sunlight on multiple traits, mean leaf trait values did not differ according to inbreeding. However, </span></span><span><span>a few leaf traits (chlorophyl content, </span></span><span><span>maximum stomatal water vapor conductance</span></span><span><span>, and leaf fresh mass) showed significantly higher plasticity in outbred than inbred plants. </span></span></p> <p><span><span>4. Synthesis: the observed ID on growth was not explained by a direct effect of inbreeding on the mean values of functional traits but possibly by a reduction of phenotypic plasticity with inbreeding. Additional studies on the interplay between ID, functional traits and plasticity should be conducted at the intra-specific level to identify general patterns<em>.</em></span></span></p> <p><span><strong><span>Key-words : </span></strong></span><span><span>Inbreeding depression, phenotypic plasticity, silviculture, functionals traits, <em>Pericopsis elata</em>, mating system, Nelder device.</span></span></p>
Anticipatory plasticity: frog embryos respond to environmental cues by producing an adaptive phenotype at hatching
<p>Developmental plasticity can occur at any life stage, but a context in which it might be crucial is when individuals that produce specific phenotypes early in development gain a competitive advantage at a later life stage. Here we asked if pre-hatching (embryonic) exposure to a nutrient-rich resource can impact hatchling morphology in tadpoles of Mexican spadefoot toads, <em>Spea multiplicata</em>. Induction of a distinctive carnivore morph can occur when a tadpole eats live fairy shrimp. We investigated whether cues from fairy shrimp, detected as embryos, determine hatchling morphology in a manner allowing individuals to take advantage of this nutritious resource. We found that hatchlings with embryonic exposure to shrimp were larger and had larger jaw muscles––traits that increase their ability to compete for shrimp. Thus, embryos can assess and respond to environmental cues by producing preemptive resource-use phenotypes. Such anticipatory plasticity may be an important but understudied form of developmental plasticity.</p>
Spring temperature drives phenotypic selection on plasticity of flowering time
<p>Data on field observations of flowering time and fitness of the perennial forest herb <em>Lathyrus vernus</em> and on spring temperature from weather station data. The dataset includes 22 years of data (1987–1996 and 2006–2017) from a <em>L. vernus</em> population located in a deciduous forest in Tullgarn, SE Sweden (58.9496 N, 17.6097 E). It includes records from 837 individuals (607 from 1987 to 1996, and 230 from 2006 to 2017), and from 2478 flowering events.</p> <p>The dataset includes the following variables:</p> <p>year: year of the recording</p> <p>id_nr: numeric plant id</p> <p>id: unique plant id (combination of numeric plant id and period)</p> <p>fcode: flowering code (1 if the plant flowered on that year, 0 if not)</p> <p>FFD: First Flowering Date</p> <p>n_fl: number of flowers</p> <p>n_fr: number of fruits</p> <p>totseed: total number of seeds</p> <p>intactseed: total number of intact seeds (not damaged by seed predator beetles)</p> <p>shoot_vol: shoot volume</p> <p>period: old (1987–1996) or new (2006–2017)</p> <p>n_years_fl_fitness: number of years when data on flowering and fitness is available</p> <p>n_years_study: number of years when the plant was included in the study</p> <p>mean_4: Average daily mean temperature of April (calculated from nearby meteorological station data)</p> <p>cmean_4: Mean-centred average daily mean temperature of April</p>
Thermal phenotypic plasticity of pre- and post-copulatory male harm buffers sexual conflict in wild Drosophila melanogaster
<div> <p><span>Strong sexual selection frequently leads to sexual conflict and ensuing male harm, whereby males increase their reproductive success at the expense of harming females. Male harm is a widespread evolutionary phenomenon with a strong bearing on population viability. Thus, understanding how it unfolds in the wild is a current priority. Here, we sampled a wild </span><span><em>Drosophila</em> <em>melanogaster</em></span><span> population and studied male harm across the normal range of temperatures under which it reproduces optimally in nature by comparing female lifetime reproductive success and underlying male harm mechanisms under monogamy (i.e., low male competition/harm) vs. polyandry (i.e., high male competition/harm). While females had equal lifetime reproductive success across temperatures under monogamy, polyandry resulted in a maximum decrease of female fitness at 24°C (35%), reducing its impact at both 20°C (22%), and 28°C (10%). Furthermore, female fitness components and pre- (i.e., harassment) and post-copulatory (i.e., ejaculate toxicity) mechanisms of male harm were asymmetrically affected by temperature. At 20ºC, male harassment of females was reduced, and polyandry accelerated female actuarial ageing. In contrast, the effect of mating on female receptivity (a component of ejaculate toxicity) was only modulated at 28ºC, where the mating costs for females decreased and polyandry mostly resulted in accelerated reproductive ageing. We thus show that, across a natural thermal range, sexual conflict processes and their effects on female fitness components are plastic and complex. As a result, the net effect of male harm on overall population viability is likely to be lower than previously surmised. We discuss how such plasticity may affect selection, adaptation and, ultimately, evolutionary rescue under a warming climate. </span><span> </span></p> </div>
Understanding and leveraging phenotypic plasticity during metastasis formation - Dataset
<p>This repo contains the dataset from the manuscript "Understanding and leveraging phenotypic plasticity during metastasis formation" by Shah et al. This repo contains `.npy`, `numpy.ndarray` files created by the Python software package NumPy. Please see the `README.md` in the code repository (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7989748) for installation and usage.</p>
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