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Figure 6 in Behavioral repertoire of a population of wild Chilean Flamingos Phoenicopterus chilensis in southern Brazil

Figure 6. Representations of agonistic social behaviours observed on Chilean Flamingos at Lagoa do Peixe National Park. a) Alert posture; b) Hooking or Threat posture 1; c) Neck swaying or Threat posture 2; d) Sparring or Fighting; e) Front pecking; f) Back pecking.

Figure 4 in Behavioral repertoire of a population of wild Chilean Flamingos Phoenicopterus chilensis in southern Brazil

Figure 4. Representations of locomotion behaviours observed on Chilean Flamingos at Lagoa do Peixe National Park. a) Walking; b) Strolling; c) Running; d) Flying.

Figure 3 in Behavioral repertoire of a population of wild Chilean Flamingos Phoenicopterus chilensis in southern Brazil

Figure 3. Representations of feeding behaviours observed on Chilean Flamingos at Lagoa do Peixe National Park. a) Pecking up; b) Head dipping; c) Feet trembling or Treading; d) Dredging or Moving Tread; e) False feet-trembling or false treading.

Figure 2 in Behavioral repertoire of a population of wild Chilean Flamingos Phoenicopterus chilensis in southern Brazil

Figure 2. Behavioural accumulation curve constructed under the protocol of Dias et al. (2009). The black line indicates the curve and the grey area is the confidence interval. Our observations surpass the 90% sampling sufficiency calculated by the Clench equation, indicating good sampling effort.

Figure 1 in Behavioral repertoire of a population of wild Chilean Flamingos Phoenicopterus chilensis in southern Brazil

Figure 1. Map showing the area and limits of Lagoa do Peixe National Park, at the middle coast of Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil. The point indicates the 'Barra', region where the lagoon meets the sea and place where Chilean flamingos usually ocupate in the park.

Figure 7 in Phylogeny of the order Phoenicopteriformes and population genetics of the Caribbean flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber: Aves)

Figure 7. Summary of genetic diversity indexes, based on 15 microsatellite loci, in three colonies of the Caribbean flamingo. Na = No. of different alleles, Na (Freq ≥ 5%) = No. of different alleles with a frequency ≥ 5%, Ne = No. of effective alleles, I = Shannon's information index, and He = expected heterozygosity. The allelic richness of Galápagos was calculated for 13 rather than 15 loci (FlamHD43 has no data and FlamHD20 has 91.3% of missing data).

Figure 6 in Phylogeny of the order Phoenicopteriformes and population genetics of the Caribbean flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber: Aves)

Figure 6. Structure results on the clustering of 160 individuals from Phoenicopterus ruber, assuming three populations and using 15 microsatellite loci. The colonies from Cuba and Bonaire showed a signal of structure, even though the most probable number of clusters suggested by the method of Evanno et al. (2005) is two.

Figure 5. The haplotype minimum spanning network using 612 in Phylogeny of the order Phoenicopteriformes and population genetics of the Caribbean flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber: Aves)

Figure 5. The haplotype minimum spanning network using 612 bp of the cytochrome b gene to compare colonies of Caribbean flamingos from Cuba (N = 49), Bonaire (N = 38) and Galápagos (N = 35).

Figure 4 in Phylogeny of the order Phoenicopteriformes and population genetics of the Caribbean flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber: Aves)

Figure 4. Genetic structure of Phoenicopteriformes using 17 microsatellite loci. Phoenicoparrus jamesi and Phoeniconaias minor are grouped in the same cluster when K = 5, following Evanno et al. (2005)'s estimation (A), but they separate when K = 6, based on Puechmaille (2016)'s assessment (B).

Figure 3 in Phylogeny of the order Phoenicopteriformes and population genetics of the Caribbean flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber: Aves)

Figure 3. Time-scaled maximum clade credibility tree based on a partial sequence of flamingos cytochrome b (611 bp). The analysis includes the six extant flamingo species; individuals from the Caribbean flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) are identified by their colony of origin: CU (Cuba), Bon (Bonaire) and Gal (Galápagos). Blue bars represent the 95% highest posterior density intervals (95% HPD) of the node ages (in millions of years). The crown Phoenicopteridae diversified around 13 (9–18; 95% HPD) Mya followed by the split of the two main extant flamingo clades approximately 7 Mya. The expansion of existing haplotypes of all species occurred in the last two million years. The branch leading to the endemic haplotype from Galápagos, sample 51637, is coloured red.

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Data from: Genetic polymorphism in dopamine receptor D4 is associated with early body condition in a large population of greater flamingos, Phoenicopterus roseus

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Figure 7 in Behavioral repertoire of a population of wild Chilean Flamingos Phoenicopterus chilensis in southern Brazil

Figure 7. Representations of non-agonistic social behaviours observed on Chilean Flamingo at Lagoa do Peixe National Park. a) Wing opening; b) Double wing-salute; c) Inverted wing-salute; d) Head-tohead interaction; e) Head Flagging; f) Neck stretching.

Figure 5 in Behavioral repertoire of a population of wild Chilean Flamingos Phoenicopterus chilensis in southern Brazil

Figure 5. Representations of maintenance behaviours observed on Chilean Flamingos at Lagoa do Peixe National Park. a) Head scratching; b) Neck preening; c) Chest preening; d) Back preening; e) Wing preening; f) Twist preening; g) Stretching; h) Two-feet resting; i) One-foot resting; j) Sleeping; k) Squatting; l) Bathing; m) Foot-shaking.

Figure 2 in Phylogeny of the order Phoenicopteriformes and population genetics of the Caribbean flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber: Aves)

Figure 2. Phylogeny of the order Phoenicopteriformes using cytochrome b partial sequences. The hybrid flamingos are grouped with Phoenicopterus chilensis and Phoenicopterus ruber. The Phoenicopterus ruber samples have references to their colony of origin: CU (Cuba), Bon (Bonaire) and Gal (Galápagos). As a control, we included the flamingo sequences from Torres et al. (2014) and a partial sequence of Phoenicopterus roseus (-mtDNA) GenBank: EF532932.1. The tree was inferred by using the maximum likelihood method and the Hasegawa–Kishino–Yano mutation model, numbers at the nodes represent bootstrap support.

Figure 1 in Phylogeny of the order Phoenicopteriformes and population genetics of the Caribbean flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber: Aves)

Figure 1. Distribution area of the Caribbean flamingo (Birdlife-International, 2016; Torres-Cristiani et al., 2020). The colonies sampled in Cuba are labelled as; CP, Cayo Las Picúas; RM, Río Máximo; RC, Río Cauto; the rest of the samples come from Bonaire and Galápagos. The genetic flow between the northern and southern Caribbean colonies remains unknown.