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opencc-zeroDec 2023View details →

Variation in personality shaped by evolutionary history, genotype, and developmental plasticity in response to feeding modalities in the Arctic charr

Animal personality has been shown to be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors and shaped by natural selection. Currently, little is known about mechanisms influencing the development of personality traits. This study examines the extent to which personality development is genetically influenced and/or environmentally responsive (plastic). We also investigated the role of evolutionary history, assessing whether personality traits could be canalized along a genetic and ecological divergence gradient. We tested the plastic potential of boldness in juveniles of five Icelandic Arctic charr morphs (Salvelinus alpinus), including two pairs of sympatric morphs, displaying various degrees of genetic and ecological divergence from the ancestral anadromous charr, split between treatments mimicking benthic vs. pelagic feeding modalities. We show that differences in mean boldness are mostly affected by genetics. While the benthic treatment led to bolder individuals overall, the environmental effect was rather weak, suggesting that boldness lies under strong genetic influence with reduced plastic potential. Finally, we found hints of differences by morphs in boldness canalization through reduced variance and plasticity, and higher consistency in boldness within morphs. These findings provide new insights into how behavioural development may impact adaptive diversification.

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

Neglected patterns of variation in transgenerational plasticity: The importance of different sources of environmental variation differs across ages and sexes in a cyprinid fish

Adaptive transgenerational plasticity (TGP) requires individuals to integrate environmental experience across multiple sources. However, few empirical studies have considered that the relative relevance of certain sources might vary across ontogeny and sexes. Here, we address this knowledge gap by studying inducible antipredator defenses, one of the most convincing examples of TGP. We assessed individual and combined effects of perceived high predation risk in mothers, fathers, caring males and personal environments on the morphology of juvenile, adult male and adult female cyprinids Pimephales promelas. Parental rather than personal environmental experience determined morphological defense expression across ages and sexes, likely because parents had a longer sampling period. In juveniles and adult males, egg-mediated environmental experience outweighed sperm-mediated environmental experience in the induction of body shape differences, likely because eggs can transmit information beyond epigenomes. However, in adult females, where body shape responses can be interpreted as life-history plasticity, information from egg and sperm were equally important, likely resulting from different integration mechanisms between morphological and life-history plasticity. The importance of care-mediated relative to gamete-mediated variation changed between juveniles and adult males, likely because they represent short- and long-term environmental experience, respectively. Instead, in adult females, both sources were again equally important, potentially owing to lag-times of life-history plasticity. Parental care intensity only contributed marginally to defense formation. These results highlight age- and sex-specific prioritization of different environmental experiences so as to generate optimal phenotypes.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2024View details →

Diversity of radial variations of wood properties in European beech reveals the plastic nature of juvenile wood - Dataset

The long-term (as opposed to short-term intra-ring) radial variation of wood properties in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) from pith to bark are largest in the young ages of the tree (internal core). This so-called juvenility reflects both cambium ageing (ontogenetic juvenility) and adaptation to the changing mechanical constraints during secondary growth (adaptive juvenility). Ring width (RW), specific gravity (SG) and specific modulus (SM) are important parameters for each new wood layer, needed for the study of mechanical stability of a standing tree. They should be sensitive to the mechanical adaptation of growth. They were measured on diametrical boards (North/South direction) issued from 86 trees from several high forest stands in European countries. Analysis of variance showed very significant influence of position within the tree (core/external), of trees within a plot and of plots, but not for North/South orientation. The share of variance was similar for SG and SM (importance of tree effect) but different for RW (importance of plot effect). The occurrence of red heartwood in the core on some trees had a significant influence, mostly on SM, but the differences between white and red wood was very small. Globally the variability was high for RW, rather small for SM and very small for SG. Accordingly, the variations of the modulus of elasticity (product of SG and SM) were much more influenced by SM than by SG for beech. The radial variations of each parameter were fitted by both a linear (2 coefficients: zero value and mean slope) and a parabolic curve (3 coefficients: zero value, initial slope and curvature). They were used to classify types or radial profile in terms of flat, up & down and straight, convex & concave. Median values of coefficients per plot (or total) were used to draw median profiles for each parameter per plot and at the global level. The median global profiles differed from the typical radial pattern (TRP) of juvenility for plantation softwoods for SG (down concave instead of up concave) and SM (convex like TRP but with a clear decrease in the mature wood). The main result was the very large variability of profiles between trees or even between plots. Even if there is a part of ontogenetic influence in the juvenile patterns for RW, SG and SM, the results suggest that the influence of mechanical constraints on tree growth (adaptive juvenility) dominates largely.  The provided file contains the data and the sheets developped to analyse them. It serves as supplementary material for the related paper submitted for recommendation to the PCI Forest and Wood Science.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

Data accompanying Polyphenisms and polymorphisms: genetic variation in plasticity and color variation within and among bluefin killifish populations

The presence of stable color polymorphisms within populations begs the question of how genetic variation is maintained. Consistent variation among populations in coloration, especially when correlated with environmental variation, raises questions about whether environmental conditions affect either the fulcrum of those balanced polymorphisms, the plastic expression of coloration, or both. Color patterns in male bluefin killifish provoke both types of questions. Red and yellow morphs are common in all populations. Blue males are more common in tannin-stained swamps relative to clear springs. Here we combined crosses with a manipulation of light to explore how genetic variation and phenotypic plasticity shape these patterns. We found that the variation in coloration is attributable mainly to two axes of variation: (1) a red-yellow axis with yellow being dominant to red, and (2) a blue axis that can override red-yellow and is controlled by genetics, phenotypic plasticity, and genetic variation for phenotypic plasticity. The variation among populations in plasticity suggests it is adaptive in some populations but not others. The variation among sires in plasticity within the swamp population suggests balancing selection may be acting not only on the red-yellow polymorphism but also on plasticity for blue coloration.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

Gene expression plasticity, genetic variation and fatty acid remodelling in divergent populations of a tropical bivalve species: lipid profiles

Ocean warming challenges marine organisms' resilience, especially for species experiencing temperatures close to their upper thermal limits. A potential increase in thermal tolerance might significantly reduce the risk of population decline, which is intrinsically linked to variability in local habitat temperatures. Our goal was to assess the plastic and genetic potential of response to elevated temperatures in a tropical bivalve model, Pinctada margaritifera. We benefit from two ecotypes for which local environmental conditions are characterized by either large diurnal variations in the tide-pools (Marquesas archipelago) or lower mean temperature with stable to moderate seasonal variations (Gambier archipelago). We explored the physiological basis of individual responses to elevated temperature, genetic divergence as well as plasticity and acclimation by combining lipidomic and transcriptomic approaches. We show that P. margaritifera has certain capacities to adjust to long-term elevated temperatures that was thus far largely underestimated. Genetic variation across populations overlaps with gene expression and involves the mitochondrial respiration machinery, a central physiological process that contributes to species thermal sensitivity and their distribution ranges. Our results present evidence for acclimation potential in P. margaritifera and urge for longer term studies to assess populations resilience in face of climate change.

Figure 9 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny

Figure 9. Phylogenetic relationships within Eryopidae as found in the present analysis, with the most important synapomorphies mapped onto nodes. See Appendix A for character definitions and a matrix, and see the text for a complete list of results.

Figure 8 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny

Figure 8. Morphometrics of eryopiform skulls, depicting crucial skull proportions relative to size. Arrows in (a) highlight ontogeny in O. labyrinthicus and S. haeuseri.

Figure 6 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny

Figure 6. Cranial morphology in eryopid temnospondyls, exemplified by reconstructed skull dorsal views. (a) Actinodon frossardi (after Werneburg, 1997), (b) Osteophorus roemeri (after Meyer, 1860), (c) Glaukerpeton avinoffi (after Werneburg and Berman, 2012), (d) Onchiodon labyrinthicus (after Boy, 1990), (e) Onchiodon thuringiensis (after Werneburg, 2008), (f) Clamorosaurus nocturnus (after Gubin, 1983, and photographs courteously provided by Ralf Werneburg), (g) Eryops sp. from the Moran Formation (MCZ 1914), (h) Eryops anatinus (AMNH 4310), (i) Eryops megacephalus (MCZ 1129). Darker shading figures depressions on the dorsal side of the skull roof.

Figure 7 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny

Figure 7. Morphospace occupation of eryopiform skulls, showing differences in ontogenetic change and morphometric variance between Onchiodon labyrinthicus and Sclerocephalus spp. and adult skulls of other eryopids. (a) PC1–PC2 axes, (b) areas occupied by immature Onchiodon and Sclerocephalus compared, (c) close-up of (a) with focus on variation in O. labyrinthicus, and (d) PC1 plotted against size.

Figure 2 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny

Figure 2. Larger juveniles of Onchiodon labyrinthicus Geinitz. (a) LFUG 13570, (b) LFUG 13501, (c) MMG SaP 356, (d) LFUG 13391, (e) LFUG 13398, (f) LFUG 13609, (g) LFUG 13047. Darker shading figures depressions on the dorsal side of the skull roof. Scale equals 10 mm.

Figure 4 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny

Figure 4. Reconstruction of skulls in dorsal view Onchiodon labyrinthicus Geinitz. (a) MMG SaP 237, (b) LFUG 13343, (c) LFUG 13405, (d) MMG SaP 356, (e) LFUG 13391, (f) LFUG 13570, (g) LFUG 13501, (h) LFUG 13292. Darker shading figures depressions on dorsal side of skull roof. Scale equals 10 mm.

Figure 5 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny

Figure 5. Palate of Onchiodon labyrinthicus Geinitz, in ventral view. (a) LFUG 13394, (b) LFUG 13514. Darker grey is the inner side of the skull roof. Scale equals 10 mm.

Figure 3 in The life cycle in late Paleozoic eryopid temnospondyls: developmental variation, plasticity and phylogeny

Figure 3. Ontogeny of the dermal ornament in Onchiodon labyrinthicus Geinitz. (a) LFUG 13343, (b) MMG SaP 390, (c) MMG SaP 356, (d) MMG SaP 361, (e) LFUG 13395, (f) LFUG 13391, (g) LFUG 13570, (h) LFUG 13292.